Title:
The Key Role of Limestone Calcined Clay Cements on the Roadmap towards Eco-Efficient Cement and Concrete
Author(s):
Franco Zunino and Karen L. Scrivener
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
361
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
31-42
Keywords:
blended cements; metakaolin; durability; limestone calcined clay cement
DOI:
10.14359/51740605
Date:
3/1/2024
Abstract:
Concrete is the substance most consumed by humanity after water. Blended cements in which part of the energy intensive clinker is replaced by supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are the by far the most realistic means to obtain large scale CO2 reductions in the short-to-midterm, attending the urgency of the climate emergency. LC3, blended cement produced by the combination of limestone, calcined clays and Portland cement provides a solution that achieves equivalent mechanical performance to OPC, better durability against chloride penetration and ASR and a reduction of CO2 emissions by about 40%. Due to the similarities of LC3 with OPC, it is a material that can be adopted today using the same construction equipment and workforce worldwide.
Related References:
1. United Nations - COP21, Paris agreement, 2015.
2. K.L. Scrivener, V. John, E.M. Gartner, Eco-efficient cements: potential, economically viable solutions for a low-CO2, cement-based materials industry, in: United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP), 2016.
3. T. Boden, B. Andres, G. Marland, Global CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Cement Manufacture, and Gas Flaring, 2016.
4. IEA, CSI, Technology Roadmap: Low-Carbon transition in the Cement Industry, 2018. doi: 10.1007/springerreference_7300.
5. B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, R.D. Hooton, Supplementary cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (2011) 1244–1256. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.12.001.
6. M. Schneider, M. Romer, M. Tschudin, H. Bolio, Sustainable cement production—present and future, Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (2011) 642–650. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.019.
7. IEA, Cement Technology Roadmap: Carbon Emissions Reductions up to 2050, OECD Publishing, Paris, n.d. doi: 10.1787/9789264088061-en.
8. I.N.N., NCh148.Of68 : Cemento – Terminología , clasificación y especificaciones generales, 1968.
9. Chilean Cement and Concrete Institute (ICH), Roadmap for the chilean cement industry, 2019.
10. D. Londono-Zuluaga, A. Gholizadeh-Vayghan, F. Winnefeld, F. Avet, M. Ben Haha, S.A. Bernal, Ö. Cizer, M. Cyr, S. Dolenec, P. Durdzinski, J. Haufe, D. Hooton, S. Kamali-Bernard, X. Li, A.T.M. Marsh, M. Marroccoli, M. Mrak, Y. Muy, C. Patapy, M. Pedersen, S. Sabio, S. Schulze, R. Snellings, A. Telesca, A. Vollpracht, G. Ye, S. Zhang, K.L. Scrivener, Report of RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 3: validation of the R3 reactivity test
across a wide range of materials, Mater Struct. 55 (2022) 142. doi: 10.1617/s11527-022-01947-3.
11. N. Müller, J. Harnisch, A blueprint for a climate friendly cement industry, 2008.
12. Y. Wang, L. Burris, R.D. Hooton, C.R. Shearer, P. Suraneni, Effects of unconventional fly ashes on cementitious paste properties, Cement and Concrete Composites. 125 (2022) 104291. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104291.
13. X. Li, R. Snellings, M. Antoni, N.M. Alderete, M. Ben Haha, S. Bishnoi, Ö. Cizer, M. Cyr, K. De Weerdt, Y. Dhandapani, J. Duchesne, J. Haufe, D. Hooton, M. Juenger, S. Kamali-Bernard, S. Kramar, M. Marroccoli, A.M. Joseph, A. Parashar, C. Patapy, J.L. Provis, S. Sabio, M. Santhanam, L. Steger, T. Sui, A. Telesca, A. Vollpracht, F. Vargas, B. Walkley, F. Winnefeld, G. Ye, M. Zajac, S. Zhang, K.L. Scrivener, Reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials: RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 1, Mater Struct. 51 (2018) 151. doi: 10.1617/s11527-018-1269-x.
14. K. Scrivener, F. Martirena, S. Bishnoi, S. Maity, Calcined clay limestone cements (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research. (2017) 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.08.017.
15. R. Fernandez, F. Martirena, K.L. Scrivener, The origin of the pozzolanic activity of calcined clay minerals: A comparison between kaolinite, illite and montmorillonite, Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (2011) 113–122. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.013.
16. F. Avet, K. Scrivener, Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research. 107 (2018) 124–135. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.016.
17. S. Krishnan, S. Bishnoi, Understanding the hydration of dolomite in cementitious systems with reactive aluminosilicates such as calcined clay, Cement and Concrete Research. 108 (2018) 116–128. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.03.010.
18. A. Ito, R. Wagai, Global distribution of clay-size minerals on land surface for biogeochemical and climatological studies, Sci Data. 4 (2017) 170103. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2017.103.
19. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, The reaction between metakaolin and limestone and its effect in porosity refinement and mechanical properties, Cement and Concrete Research. 140 (2021) 106307. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106307.
20. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, The influence of the filler effect on the sulfate requirement of blended cements, Cement and Concrete Research. 126 (2019) 105918. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105918.
21. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, Factors influencing the sulfate balance in pure phase C3S/C3A systems, Cement and Concrete Research. 133 (2020) 106085. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106085.
22. F. Avet, K. Scrivener, Investigation of the calcined kaolinite content on the hydration of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research. 107 (2018) 124–135. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.016.
23. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, Microstructural developments of limestone calcined clay cement (LC3) pastes after long-term (3 years) hydration, Cement and Concrete Research. 153 (2022) 106693. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106693.
24. F. Zunino, K. Scrivener, Increasing the kaolinite content of raw clays using particle classification techniques for use as supplementary cementitious materials, Construction and Building Materials. 244 (2020). doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118335.
25. F. Zunino, F. Martirena, K. Scrivener, Limestone calcined clay cements (LC3), ACI Materials Journal. 118 (2021) 49–60. doi: 10.14359/51730422.
26. K. Scrivener, F. Avet, H. Maraghechi, F. Zunino, J. Ston, W. Hanpongpun, A. Favier, Impacting factors and properties of limestone calcined clay cements (LC 3 ), Green Materials. 7 (2019) 3–14. doi: 10.1680/jgrma.18.00029.
27. S. Sui, F. Georget, H. Maraghechi, W. Sun, K. Scrivener, Towards a generic approach to durability: Factors affecting chloride transport in binary and ternary cementitious materials, Cement and Concrete Research. 124 (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105783.
28. S. Sui, W. Wilson, F. Georget, H. Maraghechi, H. Kazemi-Kamyab, W. Sun, K. Scrivener, Quantification methods for chloride binding in Portland cement and limestone systems, Cement and Concrete Research. 125 (2019). doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105864.
29. M.H. Shehata, M.D.A. Thomas, The effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali–silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Research. 30 (2000) 1063–1072.
30. J. Duchesne, M.A. Bérubé, The effectiveness of supplementary cementing materials in suppressing expansion due to ASR: Another look at the reaction mechanisms part 1: Concrete expansion and portlandite depletion, Cement and Concrete Research. 24 (1994) 73–82.
31. M.H. Shehata, M.D.A. Thomas, R.F. Bleszynski, The effects of fly ash composition on the chemistry of pore solution in hydrated cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research. 29 (1999) 1915–1920.
32. T. Chappex, K.L. Scrivener, The effect of aluminum in solution on the dissolution of amorphous silica and its relation to cementitious systems, Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 96 (2013) 592–597. doi: 10.1111/jace.12098.
33. M. Bagheri, B. Lothenbach, M. Shakoorioskooie, A. Leemann, K. Scrivener, Use of scratch tracking method to study the dissolution of alpine aggregates subject to alkali silica reaction, Cement and Concrete Composites. 124 (2021) 104260. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104260.
34. A. Morandeau, M. Thiéry, P. Dangla, Impact of accelerated carbonation on OPC cement paste blended with fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research. 67 (2015) 226–236.
35. M. Angel, A. Zaragoza, J. Carlos, L. Agüí, Standardization for an innovative world, Cement and Concrete Research. 41 (2011) 767–774. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.015.
36. ASTM C595/C595M, Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements, 2019. doi: 10.1520/C0595.
37. ASTM C1897, Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements, 2020. 10.1520/C1897-20.2.
38. F. Avet, R. Snellings, A. Alujas Diaz, M. Ben Haha, K. Scrivener, Development of a new rapid, relevant and reliable (R3) test method to evaluate the pozzolanic reactivity of calcined kaolinitic clays, Cement and Concrete Research. 85 (2016) 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.02.015.
39. R.G. Pillai, R. Gettu, M. Santhanam, S. Rengaraju, Y. Dhandapani, S. Rathnarajan, A.S. Basavaraj, Service life and life cycle assessment of reinforced concrete systems with limestone calcined clay cement (LC3), Cement and Concrete Research. 118 (2019) 111–119. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.11.019.
40. S. Sánchez Berriel, A. Favier, E. Rosa Domínguez, I.R. Sánchez MacHado, U. Heierli, K. Scrivener, F. Martirena Hernández, G. Habert, Assessing the environmental and economic potential of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement in Cuba, Journal of Cleaner Production. 124 (2016) 361–369. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.02.125.
41. J. Cheung, L. Roberts, J. Liu, Admixtures and sustainability, Cement and Concrete Research. 114 (2018) 79–89. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.04.011.
42. M. Zajac, J. Skibsted, P. Durdzinski, F. Bullerjahn, J. Skocek, M. Ben Haha, Kinetics of enforced carbonation of cement paste, Cement and Concrete Research. 131 (2020) 106013. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106013.
43. M. Zajac, A. Lechevallier, P. Durdzinski, F. Bullerjahn, J. Skibsted, M. Ben Haha, CO2 mineralisation of Portland cement: Towards understanding the mechanisms of enforced carbonation, Journal of CO2 Utilization. 38 (2020) 398–415. doi: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.02.015.