Title:
The Allowable Admixed Chloride Conundrum
Author(s):
David Trejo, O. Burkan Isgor, and W. Jason Weiss
Publication:
Concrete International
Volume:
38
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
35-42
Keywords:
limit, test, cement, exposure
DOI:
10.14359/51688950
Date:
5/1/2016
Abstract:
It is well documented that the amount of chlorides included in new concrete can influence the service life of a structure. While many ACI documents therefore provide limits on the maximum allowable amount of admixed chlorides, the limits are not consistent among those documents. The various limits may be leading to higher risks and costs for contractors and/or owners. The authors call for ACI committees to discuss this conundrum and suggest the creation of an ACI-initiated task group to resolve it.
Related References:
1. Alonso, M.C., and Sanchez, M., “Analysis of the Variability of Chloride Threshold Values in the Literature,” Materials and Corrosion, V. 60, No. 8, Aug. 2009, pp. 631-637.
2. Angst, U.; Elsener, B.; Larsen, C.K.; and Vennseland, O., “Critical Chloride Content in Reinforced Concrete—A Review,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 12, Dec. 2009, pp. 1122-1138.
3. ACI Committee 201, “Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 49 pp.
4. ACI Committee 212, “Report on Chemical Admixtures for Concrete (ACI 212.3R-10),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 61 pp.
5. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
6. ACI Committee 221, “Guide for Use of Normal Weight and Heavyweight Aggregates in Concrete (ACI 221R-96) (Reapproved 2001),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996, 29 pp.
7. ACI Committee 222, “Protection of Metals in Concrete Against Corrosion (ACI 222R-01) (Reapproved 2010),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001, 41 pp.
8. ACI Committee 301, “Specifications for Structural Concrete (ACI 301-10),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 77 pp.
9. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
10. ACI Committee 329, “Report on Performance-Based Requirements for Concrete (ACI 329R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 46 pp.
11. ACI Committee 332, “Residential Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 332-14) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 54 pp.
12. ACI Committee 349, “Code Requirements for Nuclear Safety-Related Concrete Structures (ACI 349-13) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 196 pp.
13. ACI Committee 350, “Code Requirements for Environmental Engineering Concrete Structures (ACI 350-06),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, 485 pp.
14. ACI Committee 362, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Durable Concrete Parking Structures (ACI 362.1R-12),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2012, 24 pp.
15. ASTM C1218/C1218M-08, “Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 3 pp.
16. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
17. ACI Committee 506, “Specification for Shotcrete (ACI 506.2-13),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 12 pp.
18. ASTM C94/C94M-11, “Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2011, 12 pp.
19. ACI Committee 222, “Provisional Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride Available for Corrosion of Embedded Steel in Mortar and Concrete Using the Soxhlet Extractor (ACI 222.1-96),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996, 3 pp.
20. Scheissl, P., “Influence of the Composition of Concrete on the Corrosion Protection of the Reinforcement,” Concrete Durability: Proceedings of the Katharine and Bryant Mather Symposium, SP-100, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1987, pp. 1633-1650.
21. Lee, M.K.; Jung, S.H.; and Oh, B.H., “Effects of Carbonation on Chloride Penetration in Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2013, pp. 559-566.
22. Geng, J.; Easterbrook, D.; Li, L.; and Mo, L., “The Stability of Bound Chlorides in Cement Paste with Sulfate Attack,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 68, Feb. 2015, pp. 211-222.
23. Reddy, B.; Glass, G.K.; Lim, P.J.; and Buenfeld, N.R., “On the Corrosion Risk Presented by Chloride Bound in Concrete,” Corrosion and Corrosion Monitoring, V. 24, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 1-5.
24. “ACI Manual of Concrete Practice, Part 1—Materials and General Properties of Concrete,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1988.
25. “ACI Concrete Terminology (ACI CT-13),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 74 pp.
26. Byfors, K., “Influence of Silica Fume and Fly Ash on Chloride Diffusion and pH Values in Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 17, No. 1, Jan. 1987, pp. 115-130.
27. Trejo, D., and Tibbits, C., “The Influence of SCM Type and Quantity on the Critical Chloride Threshold,” presentation at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition session on Chloride Limits and Thresholds for Concrete Containing SCMs, Denver, CO, 2015.
28. Presuel-Moreno, F.J., and Moreno, E.I., “Effect of Fly Ash and Silica Fume on Time to Corrosion Initiation for Specimens Exposed Long-Term to Seawater,” presentation at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition session on Chloride Limits and Thresholds for Concrete Containing SCMs, Denver, CO, 2015.
29. Azad, J., and Isgor, O.B., “A Thermodynamic Perspective on the Admixed Chloride Limits of Concrete Produced with SCMs,” presentation at The ACI Concrete Convention and Exposition session on Chloride Limits and Thresholds for Concrete Containing SCMs, Denver, CO, 2015.
30. ASCE/SEI 7-10, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2010, 608 pp.