Title: 
            Application of External Prestressing of Bridges in Germany
        
        
            Author(s): 
            Holger S. Svensson
        
        
            
                Publication: 
                Symposium Paper
            
            
                Volume: 
                120
            
            
                Issue: 
                
            
            
                Appears on pages(s): 
                125-144
            
            
                Keywords: 
                bridges (structures); concrete construction; corrosion; economics; grouting; history; limit design method; post-tensioning; prestressed concrete; prestressing; strains; structural design; unbonded prestressing; Design
            
            
                DOI: 
                10.14359/3239
            
        
        
            Date: 
            6/1/1990
        
        
            Abstract:
            The main advantage of external prestressing is that it facilitates the placement and vibration of the web concrete and thus permits thinner webs. The main disadvantages of unbonded external prestressing are its reduced ultimate capacity and lack of contribution to crack control. The cost of bridges built with unbonded external tendons in Germany is currently higher  than for those with bonded internal tendons, mainly because of code requirements for minimum web thickness and crack control, and higher costs for the external unbonded tendons.  External prestressing has only limited application in Germany. For new concrete bridges, it has been used a few times since the 1950s for tendons bonded to the webs. The first experimental new bridge with unbonded external tendons in Germany is currently under construction. Special applications of external tendons are for incrementally launched bridges, the rehabilitation of bridges, and as longitudinal force couplers. In the future, unbonded external tendons will probably be used mainly for the rehabilitation of existing bridges in Germany.