Title:
Bond Study of Corrosion-Free Reinforcement Embedded in Eco-Friendly Concrete
Author(s):
Ali F. Al-Khafaji, John J. Myers, and Hayder H. Alghazali
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
356
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
1-35
Keywords:
bond assessment, pullout, fly ash, GFRP bar, finite element, SEM, EDS, FiC, performance rank analysis
DOI:
10.14359/51737243
Date:
10/1/2022
Abstract:
This paper presents an investigation of the bond performance of corrosion-free sand-coated glass fiber reinforced polymer bars (GFRP) implanted in two types of fly ash-based eco-friendly concrete. Steel reinforcement is prone to corrosion and is expensive to fix, therefore finding an effective alternative has become a must. One of these alternatives is GFRP bar. On the other hand, conventional concrete (CC) is not issueless, as it significantly affects the environment through its high-intensity CO2 emissions. Thus, other alternatives have been looked into to mitigate the CO2 problems. One of these alternatives is partially substituting Portland cement with another CO2 emission-free material such as fly ash. In this study, two levels (50% and 70%) of high-volume fly ash concrete (HVFAC) were used to investigate their bond performance with GFRP bars. Cylindrical specimens were tested under the effect of pullout load. Furthermore, the bars were investigated chemically and microstructurally to see if the fly ash had some influence on the GFRP bar. For concrete, performance rank analysis was carried out to identify the best concrete mixture in terms of slump, unit weight, cost, and bond strength. In addition, to verify the experimental work, two-dimensional finite element models were built using translator elements to present the bond action between the concrete and its reinforcement. The results of the investigation showed that the bond strength of GFRP bars was less than that of mild steel owing to GFRP bar deformation. In addition, CC resulted in a higher bond strength than HVFAC. The bar analyses did not yield any obvious signs of microstructural deterioration or chemical attack.
Related References:
1. Rahla, K. M., Mateus, R., and Bragança, L. “Comparative sustainability assessment of binary blended concretes using Supplementary Cementitious Materials (SCMs) and Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC),” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019.
2. Miller, S. A. “Supplementary cementitious materials to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from concrete: can there be too much of a good thing?,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018.
3. Xie, T., and Visintin, P. “A unified approach for mix design of concrete containing supplementary cementitious materials based on reactivity moduli,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018.
4. Feiz, R., Ammenberg, J., Baas, L., et al. “Improving the CO2 performance of cement, part I: utilizing lifecycle assessment and key performance indicators to assess development within the cement industry,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015.
5. Bilodeau, A., and Malhotra, V. M. “High-Volume Fly Ash System: Concrete Solution for Sustainable Development,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 97, No. 1, 2000, pp. 41–8.
6. ASTM-C618. “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use,” Annual Book of ASTM Standards, No. C, 2010, pp. 3–6.
7. Hemalatha, T., and Ramaswamy, A. “A review on fly ash characteristics – Towards promoting high volume utilization in developing sustainable concrete,” Journal of Cleaner Production, 2017.
8. EPA. “Study on Increasing the Usage of Recovered Mineral Components in Federally Funded Projects Involving Procurement of Cement or Concrete to address the safe, accountable, flexible, efficient transportation equit act: a legacy for users,” 2008.
9. ACI 232.2R. “ACI 232.2R-96 (Reapproved 2002) ‘Use of fly ash in concrete,’” American Concrete Institute, V. 96, No. Reapproved, 2002, pp. 1–34.
10. Volz, Jeffery; Myers, John; Richardson, David; Arezoumandi, Mahdi; Beckemeier, Karl; Davis, Drew; Holman, Kyle; Looney, Trevor; and Tucker, B. “Design and evaluation of a high-volume fly ash (HVFA) concrete mixes,” v. vol. 52, 2012, 21–766 pp.
11. Gopalakrishnan S. “Demonstration of utilising high volume fly ash based concrete for structural applications,” Structural Engineering Research Centre; Chennai, India, 2005.
12. Arezoumandi, M., Looney, T. J., and Volz, J. S. “Effect of fly ash replacement level on the bond strength of reinforcing steel in concrete beams,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 87, No. 1, 2015, pp. 745–51.
13. Al-Azzawi, M., Yu, T., and Hadi, M. N. S. “Factors Affecting the Bond Strength Between the Fly Ash-based Geopolymer Concrete and Steel Reinforcement,” Structures, V. 14, No. January, 2018, pp. 262–72.
14. Achillides, Z. and., and Pilakoutas, K. “Bond Behavior of FRP Bars Under Direct Pullout Conditions.pdf,” Journal of Composites for Construction., V. 8, No. April, 2004, pp. 173–81.
15. Maranan, G., Manalo, A., Karunasena, K., et al. “Bond Stress-Slip Behavior: Case of GFRP Bars in Geopolymer Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, V. 27, No. 1, 2015, p. 04014116.
16. Soares, S., Freitas, N., Pereira, E., et al. “Assessment of GFRP bond behaviour for the design of sustainable reinforced seawater concrete structures,” Construction and Building Materials, 2019.
17. Akishin, P., Kovalovs, A., Kulakov, V., et al. “Finite element modelling of slipage between FRP rebar and concrete in pull-out test,” No. June 2016, 2014, p. 6.
18. American Coal Ash Association. “Fly Ash Facts for Highway Engineers,” Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, V. 53, No. 9, 2013, pp. 1689–99.
19. Şahmaran, M., and Li, V. C. “Durability properties of micro-cracked ECC containing high volumes fly ash,” Cement and Concrete Research, 2009.
20. Shehata, M. H., and Thomas, M. D. A. “Effect of fly ash composition on the expansion of concrete due to alkali-silica reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 7, 2000, pp. 1063–72.
21. Odler, I. “Special inorganic cements,” CRC Press, 2003.
22. Al-Khafaji, A. F., Myers, J. J., Nanni, A., et al. “Assessment Study of Gfrp Reinforcement Used in Two Concrete Bridges After More Than Fifteen Years of Service,” No. M, 2020, pp. 1–34.
23. Wang, W. “Durability Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymer and Steel Reinforced Polymer for Infrastructure Applications.” Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2017.
24. Shehata, M. H., and Thomas, M. D. A. “Use of ternary blends containing silica fume and fly ash to suppress expansion due to alkali-silica reaction in concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 3, 2002, pp. 341–9.
25. Corning, O. “Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer ( Gfrp ) Rebar for Infrastructure Solutions Structures Neutrality They Are Using Aslan TM,” 2017.
26. ASTM-D7205. “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix,” ASTM, V. i, No. Reapproved 2011, 2011, pp. 1–13.
27. ACI (American Concrete Institute). "ACI 408R-03: Bond and development of straight reinforcing bars in tension." Farmington Hills, MI, USA. 2003, pp. 1–49.
28. ASTM-A615. “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” 2018.
29. ASTM-C496. “Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM Standards, V. i, 2011, pp. 1–5.
30. ASTM-C39/C39M. “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms,” ASTM International, No. C, 2015, pp. 1–10.
31. RILEM and T. R. for the T. and U. of C. Materials, 1994. RILEM 7-II-128. RC6: Bond Test for Reinforcing Steel - Pullout Test.
32. ACI 318. “Building code requirements for structural concrete (ACI 318-19) : an ACI standard : commentary on building code requirements for structural concrete, an ACI report,” Farmington Hills, MI, USA. 2019.
33. AASHTO. “American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,” 4th edition, Washington, D.C., 2007, 5-(72-84) pp.
34. ASTM-D2584. “Standard Test Method for Ignition Loss of Glass Strands and Fabrics 1,” ASTM, 2005.
35. ASTM-D7957. “ASTM D7957 - Standard Specification for Solid Round Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM, 2017.
36. Ghafari, E., Costa, H., and Júlio, E. “Statistical mixture design approach for eco-efficient UHPC,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 55, 2015, pp. 17–25.
37. Khayat, K. H., Yahia, A., and Sayed, M. “Effect of supplementary cementitious materials on rheological properties, bleeding, and strength of structural grout,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, 2008, pp. 585–93.
38. Gooranorimi, O., Suaris, W., and Nanni, A. “A model for the bond-slip of a GFRP bar in concrete,” Engineering Structures, V. 146, 2017, pp. 34–42.
39. X, L. “Finite Element Modeling of Skewed Reinforced Concrete Bridges and the Bond-Slip Relationship between Concrete and Reinforcement.” 2007.
40 Cox, J. V., and Herrmann, L. R. “Development of a plasticity bond model for steel reinforcement,” Mechanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials, V. 3, No. 2, 1998, pp. 155–80.