Title:
Predicting the Response of Concrete Barriers to Rigid Projectile Impacts Using AEM
Author(s):
Tarek Kewaisy, Ayman Elfouly, and Ahmed Khalil
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
347
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
59-84
Keywords:
Predicting; Rigid Projectile; Impact; Penetration; Damage; Concrete; Barrier; Applied Element Method (AEM); Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS)
DOI:
10.14359/51732658
Date:
3/1/2021
Abstract:
For protective construction applications involving high-velocity projectile impacts, design engineers rely
on properly designed reinforced concrete barriers to provide the necessary resistance to penetration. Typically
dynamic testing, analytical, semi-empirical and/or computational approaches are called upon to properly handle this
highly complex physical problem. The presented research evaluates the use of Applied Element Method (AEM),
implemented in Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS) software, to predict the localized damage and penetration of
concrete slabs due to high-velocity normal impacts of rigid projectiles. Two validation cases were considered
involving different concrete and reinforcing rebar material properties and projectile impact velocities. The
applicability of AEM simulations was validated by comparing predicted damage and projectile penetrations to
corresponding observations and measurements obtained during impact testing. A limited parametric study including
seven analytical cases was performed to investigate the effects of varying concrete strengths, reinforcement
arrangements and concrete thickness on the penetration resistance of concrete targets. To achieve this, three concrete
classes; Normal Strength Concrete (NSC), Medium Strength Concrete (MSC) and High Strength Concrete (HSC),
three reinforcement configurations (unreinforced, single-layer/ larger bar, double-layers) and larger thickness were
considered. The application of the engineering-oriented AEM/ ELS software was found to provide impact response
predictions that are in good agreement with physical test results. The results of the parametric study confirmed the
advantages of using higher concrete strengths and higher reinforcement ratios in improving the penetration resistance
and reducing the scabbing damage of reinforced concrete barriers.
Related References:
1. ASI, 2018, “Extreme Loading for Structures Software V6.0- Modeling Manual”, Applied Science International LLC, Durham, NC.
2. ASI, 2018, “Extreme Loading for Structures Software V6.0- Theoretical Manual”, Applied Science International LLC, Durham, NC.
3. Ben-Dor, G., Dubinsky, A., and Elperin, T., 2013, “Empirical Models for Predicting Protective Properties of Concrete Shields Against High-Speed Impact”, Journal of Mechanics of Materials and Structures, Vol. 8, No. 2-4, 2013, 199-232.
4. C. Cismasiu, A. Ramos, I. Moldovan, D. Ferreira, and J. Filho. 2017, “Applied element method simulation of experimental failure modes in RC shear walls”, Computers and Concrete, Vol. 19, No. 4 (2017)
5. Dancygier, A. N. and Yankelevsky, D. Z., 1999, “Effects of Reinforced Concrete Properties on Resistance to Hard Projectile Impact”, ACI Structural Journal, W.96, No.2, March-April 1999, 259-268.
6. Fang Q. and Wu H., 2017, (“Concrete Structures under Projectile Impact”, Published by Science Press, Beijing and Springer Nature Singapore.
7. fib, 2010, “fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010”, fib, Fédération Internationale du béton Ernst & Sohn, Germany.
8. Grunwald, C., Khalil, A., Schaufelberger, B., Ricciardi, E. M., Pellecchia, C., De Iuliis, E., Riedel, W., 2018, “Reliability of collapse simulation – Comparing Finite and Applied Element Method at different levels”, Engineering Structures 176 (2018) 265-278.
9. Hwang H.J., Kim, S. and Kang T.H.K., 2017, “Energy-Based Penetration Model for Local Impact-Damaged Concrete Members”, ACI Structural Journal, September-October 2107, American Concrete Institute.
10. Karbassi A., Nollet M., 2013, “Performance-Based Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of Masonry Buildings Using Applied Element Method in a Nonlinear Dynamic-Based Analytical Procedure”, Earthquake Spectra: May 2013, Vol. 29, No. 2, pp. 399-426.
11. Khalil, A., 2012, “Enhanced Modeling of Steel Structures for Progressive Collapse Analysis Using Applied Element Method”, Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, ASCE, ISSN: 0887-3828.
12. Maekawa, K. and Okamura, H., 1983, “The Deformational Behavior and Constitutive Equation of Concrete using the Elasto-Plastic and Fracture Model”, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering, The University of Tokyo (B), 1983, 37(2): 253-328.
13. Malomo D., Pinho R., Penna A., 2019, “Applied Element Modelling of the Dynamic Response of a Full-Scale Clay Brick Masonry Building Specimen with Flexible Diaphragms”, International Journal of Architectural Heritage, Volume 13, 2019.
14. Malvar, L.J., Crawford, J.E., 1998, “Dynamic Increase Factors for Concrete”, Proceedings of the 28th DDESB Seminar, Orlando Florida.
15. Malvar, L.J., Crawford, J.E., 1998, “Dynamic Increase Factors for Steel Reinforcing Bars”, Proceedings of the 28th DDESB Seminar, Orlando Florida.
16. Shiu, W., Donze, F.V. and Daudeville, L. 2009, “Influence of the Reinforcement on Penetration of Concrete Targets- A Discrete Element Analysis”, International Journal for Computer-Aided Engineering and Software, Vol 26, No. 1/2., 2009, Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
17. Tagel-Din, H, 1998, “A new efficient method for nonlinear, large deformation and collapse analysis of structures”, Ph. D. Thesis, Civil Eng. Dept., The University of Tokyo, Sept. 1998.
18. Tagel-Din, H, 2002, “Collision of Structures During Earthquakes”, Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK, September 9th – September 13th, 2002.
19. Thai, D.K., Kim, S.E. and Bui, T.Q., 2018, “Modified Empirical Formulas for Predicting the Thickness of RC Panels under Impact Loading”, Construction and Building Materials Journal Vol 169 (2018), 261-275, Elsevier Ltd.