Title:
Durability of Class C Fly Ash-Based Alkali Activated Concrete
Author(s):
Eslam Y. Gomaa, Ahmed A. Gheni, and Mohamed A. ElGawady
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
334
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
185-204
Keywords:
Class C fly ash; slag; crumb rubber; alkali activated concrete; fresh properties; compressive strength; durability; ambient curing; oven curing
DOI:
10.14359/51720261
Date:
9/30/2019
Abstract:
The durability of alkali activated concrete (AAC) synthesized using high calcium fly ashes (FAs) was studied. Surface resistivity, bulk electrical resistivity, rapid chloride ions penetration, and freeze-thaw resistance tests were carried out on AAC made with five different FAs. The specimens were either oven-or moist-cured. The effect of adding air entraining admixture (AEA) and recycled crumb rubber to the AAC specimens on the freeze-thaw resistance was investigated as well. It was found that the durability of AAC was higher than that of comparable ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete. Adding the AEA improved the freeze-thaw resistance but not enough to complete the 300 cycles, per ASTM C666-15. Adding the rubber to the AAC mixtures improved the freeze-thaw resistance significantly.
Related References:
1. Provis, J.L. and S.A. Bernal, 2014, "Geopolymers and related alkali-activated materials". Annual Review of Materials Research. 44: p. 299-327.
2. Noor S. Yacob, M.A.E., Lesley H. Sneed, Aly Said, 2019, "Shear strength of fly ashbased geopolymer reinforced concrete beams". Engineering structures.
3. Gomaa, E., A.A. Gheni, C. Kashosi, and M.A. ElGawady, 2019, "Bond strength of ecofriendly class C fly ash-based thermally cured alkali-activated concrete to portland cement concrete". Journal of Cleaner Production. 235: p. 404-416.
4. Abdulazeez, M., B. Sherstha, E. Gomaa, A. Ramadan, and M. Mohamed ElGawady, 2019, "Bond Behavior of Steel H-Pile Bridge Columns Encased in Concrete Jackets".
Transportation Research Record (TRB). 19-01760.
5. Gomaa, E., S. Sargon, C. Kashosi, A. Gheni, and M. ElGawady, 2018, "Mechanical properties of alkali activated concrete based class C fly ash", in 9th International Conference on Bridge Maintenance, Safety and Management (IABMAS 2018): Melbourne, Australia.
6. Gomaa, E., A.A. Gheni, C. Kashosi, and M.A. ElGawady, 2018, "Bond strength of Portland cement concrete repairs using class C fly ashes based alkali activated
concrete", in Transportation Research Record (TRB).
7. Abdulazeez, M.M., A. Ramadan, B. Sherstha, A. Gheni, E. Gomaa, Y. Darwish, and M.A. ElGawady, 2019, "Behavior and Repair of Corroded Steel H-Piles Phase I (Axial
Behavior)".
8. Djwantoro Hardjito, S.E.W.D.M.J.S. and B.V. Rangan, 2004, "On the development of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete". Materials Journal. 101(6).
9. Lavanya, G. and J. Jegan, 2015, "Durability study on high calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering. 2015.
10. Thokchom, S., P. Ghosh, and S. Ghosh, 2009, "Resistance of fly ash based geopolymer mortars in sulfuric acid". arPN Journal of engineering and applied Sciences. 4.
11. Reddy, D.V., J.-B. Edouard, and K. Sobhan, 2013, "Durability of fly ash based geopolymer structural concrete in the marine environment". Journal of Materials in
Civil Engineering. 25(6): p. 781-787.
12. Wallah, S., 2010, "Creep behaviour of fly ash-based geopolymer concrete". Civil Engineering Dimension. 12(2): p. 73-78.
13. E. Douglas, A.B. and V.M. Malhotra, 1992, "Properties and durability of alkali-activated slag concrete". Materials Journal. 89(5).
14. Sun, P. and H.-C. Wu, 2013, "Chemical and freeze–thaw resistance of fly ash-based inorganic mortars". Fuel. 111: p. 740-745.
15. Fu, Y., L. Cai, and W. Yonggen, 2011, "Freeze–thaw cycle test and damage mechanics models of alkali-activated slag concrete". Construction and Building Materials. 25(7): p. 3144-3148.
16. Škvára, F., T. Jílek, and L. Kopecký, 2005, "Geopolymer materials based on fly ash". Ceram.-Silik. 49(3): p. 195-204.
17. Puertas, F., T. Amat, A. Fernández-Jiménez, and T. Vázquez, 2003, "Mechanical and durable behaviour of alkaline cement mortars reinforced with polypropylene fibres". Cement and Concrete Research. 33(12): p. 2031-2036.
18. Degirmenci, F.N., 2018, "Freeze-thaw and fire resistance of geopolymer mortar based on natural and waste pozzolans". Ceramics–Silikáty. 62(1): p. 41-49.
19. Temuujin, J., A. Minjigmaa, B. Davaabal, U. Bayarzul, A. Ankhtuya, T. Jadambaa, and K.J.D. MacKenzie, 2014, "Utilization of radioactive high-calcium Mongolian fly ash for the preparation of alkali-activated geopolymers for safe use as construction materials". Ceramics International. 40(10, Part B): p. 16475-16483.
20. Rostami, H. and W. Brendley, 2003, "Alkali ash material: A novel fly Ash-based cement". Environmental Science & Technology. 37(15): p. 3454-3457.
21. Brooks, R., M. Bahadory, F. Tovia, and H. Rostami, 2010, "Properties of alkali-activated fly ash: high performance to lightweight". International Journal of Sustainable Engineering. 3(3): p. 211-218.
22. Cyr, M. and R. Pouhet, 2015, "The frost resistance of alkali-activated cement-based binders", in Handbook of Alkali-Activated Cements, Mortars and Concretes.
Woodhead Publishing: Oxford. p. 293-318.
23. Gebler, S. and P. Klieger, 1983, "Effect of fly ash on the air-void stability of concrete". Special Publication. 79: p. 103-142.
24. Ley, M.T., N.J. Harris, K.J. Folliard, and K.C. Hover, 2008, "Investigation of airentraining admixture dosage in fly ash concrete". ACI Materials Journal. 105(5): p. 494.
25. Yildirim, I.Z. and M. Prezzi, 2011, "Chemical, mineralogical, and morphological properties of steel slag". Advances in Civil Engineering. 2011: p. 13.
26. Kumar, S. and K. Ramujee, 2016, "Assessment of chloride ion penetration of alkali activated low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete". Key Engineering
Materials. 692: p. 129-137.
27. Tennakoon, C., A. Shayan, J.G. Sanjayan, and A. Xu, 2017, "Chloride ingress and steel corrosion in geopolymer concrete based on long term tests". Materials & Design. 116: p. 287-299.
28. Zhu, H., Z. Zhang, Y. Zhu, and L. Tian, 2014, "Durability of alkali-activated fly ash concrete: Chloride penetration in pastes and mortars". Construction and Building Materials. 65: p. 51-59.
29. Olivia, M., 2011, "Durability related properties of low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete". Curtin University.
30. Neville, A., 1995, "Chloride attack of reinforced concrete: an overview". Materials and Structures. 28(2): p. 63.
31. AASHTO-TP95, 2011, "Standard method of test for surface resistivity indication of concrete’s ability to resist chloride ion penetration". AASHTO Provisional Standards, 2011 Edition.
32. ASTM-C1760, 2012, "Standard test method for bulk electrical conductivity of hardened concrete". ASTM International.
33. Rupnow, T.D. and P.J. Icenogle, 2012, "Surface resistivity measurements evaluated as alternative to rapid chloride permeability test for quality assurance and acceptance". Transportation Research Record. 2290(1): p. 30-37.
34. ASTM-C1202, 2017, "Standard test method for electrical indication of concrete & ability to resist chloride ion penetration". ASTM International.
35. Noushini, A. and A. Castel, 2015, "A Resistivity-based approach to indicate chloride permeability of geopolymer concrete". Concrete Institute of Australia Conference, 27th, 2015, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
36. Noushini, A. and A. Castel, 2016, "The effect of heat-curing on transport properties of low-calcium fly ash-based geopolymer concrete". Construction and Building Materials. 112: p. 464-477.
37. ASTM-C618, 2015, "Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete". ASTM International.
38. ASTM-C604, 2012, "Standard test method for true specific gravity of refractory materials by gas-comparison pycnometer". ASTM International.
39. Gomaa, E., S. Sargon, C. Kashosi, and M. ElGawady, 2017, "Fresh properties and compressive strength of high calcium alkali activated fly ash mortar". Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences.
40. Sargon, S.P., E.Y. Gomaa, C. Kashosi, A.A. Gheni, and M.A. ElGawady. 2018. "Effect of Curing Temperatures on Zero-Cement Alkali-Activated Mortars". Cham: Springer International Publishing.
41. Sargon, S.P., E.Y. Gomaa, C. Kashosi, A.A. Gheni, and M.A. ElGawady. 2018. "Thermal Curing Efficiency of Geopolymer Mortars". in 3rd R N Raikar Memorial
International Conference & Gettu-Kodur International Symposium on Advances in Science & Technology of Concrete. Mumbai, India.
42. ASTM-C143, 2015, "Standard test method for slump of hydraulic-cement concrete". ASTM International.
43. ASTM-C231, 2014, "Standard test method for air content of freshly mixed concrete by the pressure method". ASTM International.
44. ASTM-C39, 2017, "Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens". ASTM International.
45. ASTM-C666, 2015, "Standard test method for resistance of concrete to rapid freezing and thawing". ASTM International.
46. Gomaa, E., S. Sargon, C. Kashosi, A. Gheni, and M. ElGawady, 2018, "Effect of different class C fly ash compositions on the properties of the alkali-activated
concrete". International Congress on Polymers in Concrete (ICPIC 2018). p. 541-547.
47. Gomaa, E., S. Sargon, C. Kashosi, and M. ElGawady, 2018, "Fresh properties and early compressive strength of alkali-activated high calcium fly ash paste". Proceedings of the 4th Congrès International de Géotechnique - Ouvrages -Structures. p. 497-507.
48. Kolias, S. and C. Georgiou, 2005, "The effect of paste volume and of water content on the strength and water absorption of concrete". Cement and Concrete Composites. 27(2): p. 211-216.
49. Bernal, S.A., R. Mejía de Gutiérrez, A.L. Pedraza, J.L. Provis, E.D. Rodriguez, and S. Delvasto, 2011, "Effect of binder content on the performance of alkali-activated slag concretes". Cement and Concrete Research. 41(1): p. 1-8.
50. Chi, M., 2012, "Effects of dosage of alkali-activated solution and curing conditions on the properties and durability of alkali-activated slag concrete". Construction and Building Materials. 35: p. 240-245.
51. Simon Sargon, E.G., Ahmed Gheni, and Mohamed ElGawady, 2020, "Optimization of thermal curing temperature and duration of alkali activated class C fly ash mortars".