Title:
Chemical Reactivity Assessment of Glass Powder in R³ Method Synthetic Concrete Pore Solution by Accelerated Solubility Testing
Author(s):
Wena de Nazaré do Rosario Martel, Josée Duchesne, and Benoît Fournier
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
362
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
1006-1032
Keywords:
chemical dissolution, pozzolanic reactivity, recycled glass powder, R³ method, supplementary cementitious materials, synthetic concrete pore solution
DOI:
10.14359/51742026
Date:
6/18/2024
Abstract:
Due to its predominant soda-lime composition, most post-consumer glass processed by recycling facilities would be classified as high-alkali pozzolanic glass powder (GP). In cementitious matrices, the intrinsic alkaline pore solution induces the dissolution of both silica and alkali ions. Therefore, the GP can potentially induce two similar reactions in concrete: either a deleterious alkali-silica reaction or a pozzolanic reaction. The equilibrium of the pore solution will determine which reaction will prevail in the long term. To understand the chemical stability of GP in a cementitious system, the evolution of the solubility of key elements in an alkali-rich synthetic pore solution was studied as a function of reaction time, particle size, presence of Ca(OH)2 and CaCO3, and binder/solution ratio (B/S). The solution was based on the R³ method, which consists mainly of lab-grade chemicals such as KOH and K2SO4. Although the chemical equilibrium seems to be fully reached in the first hours of hydration, the main products, such as C-S-H, are unstable because the alkali leaching/uptake in the C-S-H chains is dynamically evolving. The experiments show that both C-S-H precipitation and alkali leaching rates increase with increasing B/S ratio and decreasing particle size, and are directly related to the presence of calcium in the solution.
Related References:
1. M. Mirzahosseini and K. A. Riding, “Effect of Combined Glass Particles on Hydration in Cementitious Systems,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 27, no. 6, p. 04014190, 2015, doi: 10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001151
2. S. E. Mohammadyan-Yasouj and A. Ghaderi, “Experimental investigation of waste glass powder, basalt fibre, and carbon nanotube on the mechanical properties of concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 252, p. 119115, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119115
3. Recyc-Québec and Gouvernement du Québec, “Rapport annuel Recyc-Québec 2020-2021.”
4. R. M. Andrew, “Global CO2 emissions from cement production, 1928 – 2017,” Earth System Science Data, vol. 10, pp. 2213–2239, 2018.
5. Y. Jiang, T. Ling, K. Hung, and C. Shi, “A critical review of waste glass powder – Multiple roles of utilization in cement-based materials and construction products,” Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 242, no. November 2018, pp. 440–449, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.04.098
6. N. A. Naaamandadin, I. S. Abdul Aziz, W. A. Mustafa, and R. Santiago, “Mechanical properties of the utilization glass powder as partial replacement of cement in concrete,” Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, no. October 2019, pp. 221–229, 2020, doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-9539-0_23
7. A. Omran and A. Tagnit-Hamou, “Performance of glass-powder concrete in field applications,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 109, pp. 84–95, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.006
8. Y. Shao, T. Lefort, S. Moras, and D. Rodriguez, “Studies on concrete containing ground waste glass,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 30, pp. 91–100, 2000, doi: 10.1109/ISFEE.2014.7050543
9. A. Hendi, D. Mostofinejad, A. Sedaghatdoost, M. Zohrabi, N. Naeimi, and A. Tavakolinia, “Mix design of the green self-consolidating concrete: Incorporating the waste glass powder,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 199, pp. 369–384, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.12.020
10. G. Ke, W. Li, R. Li, Y. Li, and G. Wang, “Mitigation Effect of Waste Glass Powders on Alkali – Silica Reaction (ASR) Expansion in Cementitious Composite,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, vol. 12, no. 67, pp. 1–14, 2018, doi: 10.1186/s40069-018-0299-7
11. R. U. D. Nassar and P. Soroushian, “Strength and durability of recycled aggregate concrete containing milled glass as partial replacement for cement,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 368–377, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.061
12. B. Taha and G. Nounu, “Using lithium nitrate and pozzolanic glass powder in concrete as ASR suppressors,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 497–505, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.08.010
13. V. Vaitkevičius, E. Šerelis, and H. Hilbig, “The effect of glass powder on the microstructure of ultra high performance concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 68, pp. 102–109, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.05.101
14. T. Wang, R. San Nicolas, T. Ngoc Nguyen, A. Kashani, and T. Ngo, “Experimental and numerical study of longterm alkali-silica reaction (ASR) expansion in mortar with recycled glass,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 139, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2023.105043
15. N. A. Soliman, A. F. Omran, and A. Tagnit-Hamou, “Laboratory characterization and field application of novel ultra-high-performance glass concrete,” ACI Mater Journal, vol. 113, no. 3, pp. 307–316, 2016, doi: 10.14359/51688827
16. M. Tohoué Tognonvi et al., “Reactivity of Glass Powder in Aqueous Medium,” Advances in Materials, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 9, 2018, doi: 10.11648/j.am.20180701.12
17. R. Idir, M. Cyr, and A. Tagnit-Hamou, “Pozzolanic properties of fine and coarse color-mixed glass cullet,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 19–29, 2011, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.013
18. A. Shayan and A. Xu, “Performance of glass powder as a pozzolanic material in concrete : A field trial on concrete slabs,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 36, pp. 457–468, 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.012
19. B. Taha and G. Nounu, “Properties of concrete contains mixed colour waste recycled glass as sand and cement replacement,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 22, no. 5, pp. 713–720, 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.01.019
20. K. Zheng, “Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder and its role in controlling alkali-silica reaction,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 67, pp. 30–38, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.12.008
21. L. M. Federico and S. E. Chidiac, “Waste glass as a supplementary cementitious material in concrete - Critical review of treatment methods,” Cement and Concrete Composites, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 606–610, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.02.001
22. G. M. S. Islam, M. H. Rahman, and N. Kazi, “Waste glass powder as partial replacement of cement for sustainable concrete practice,” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 37–44, 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.10.005
23. M. N. N. Khan, A. K. Saha, and P. K. Sarker, “Reuse of waste glass as a supplementary binder and aggregate for sustainable cement-based construction materials: A review,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 28. Elsevier Ltd, Mar. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2019.101052
24. E. O. Fanijo, E. Kassem, and A. Ibrahim, “ASR mitigation using binary and ternary blends with waste glass powder,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 280, p. 122425, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122425
25. C. Meyer and Y. Xi, “Use of recycled glass and fly ash for precast concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 89–90, 1999
26. R. Idir, Mécanisme d’action des fines et des granulats de verre sur la réaction alcali-silice et la réaction pouzzolanique, PhD thesis, Toulouse University, France, 2009.
27. A. Schöler, F. Winnefeld, M. Ben Haha, and B. Lothenbach, “The effect of glass composition on the reactivity of synthetic glasses,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 100, no. 6, pp. 2553–2567, 2017, doi: 10.1111/jace.14759
28. F. Avet, X. Li, and K. Scrivener, “Determination of the amount of reacted metakaolin in calcined clay blends,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 106, pp. 40–48, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.01.009
29. R. Snellings, X. Li, F. Avet, and K. Scrivener, “Rapid, Robust, and Relevant (R³) reactivity test for supplementary cementitious materials,” ACI Mater Journal, vol. 116, no. 4, pp. 155–162, 2019, doi: 10.14359/51716719
30. S. L. Williams, D. N. Beatty, and W. V. Srubar, “A small-scale thermogravimetric method to measure the chemical reactivity of supplementary cementitious materials,” CEMENT, vol. 12, p. 100071, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cement.2023.100071
31. ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials, Standard Test Methods for Measuring the Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials by Isothermal Calorimetry and Bound Water Measurements 1, vol. 04,02. 2020. doi: 10.1520/C1897-20
32. R. Snellings, D. Londoño-Zuluaga, and K. Scrivener, “Interlaboratory Test Program to Determine the Precision of the R3 Test Method (ASTM C1897-20) for Measuring Reactivity of Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” Adv Civil Engineering Materials, vol. 11, no. 2, 2022, doi: 10.1520/ACEM20220023
33. P. de Azevedo Basto, V. Estolano de Lima, and A. de Melo Neto, “Capability of R³ test to evaluate pozzolanicity of ground raw and calcined sugarcane bagasse ashes,” Materials Today: Proceedings, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2023.04.048
34. S. Blotevogel et al., “Ability of the R³ test to evaluate differences in early age reactivity of 16 industrial ground granulated blast furnace slags (GGBS),” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 130, Apr. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.105998
35. P. P. Sivakumar, S. Matthys, N. De Belie, and E. Gruyaert, “Reactivity assessment of modified ferro silicate slag by R³ method,” Applied Sciences (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2021, doi: 10.3390/app11010366
36. E. J. Reardon, “Problems and approaches to the prediction of the chemical composition in cement/water systems,” Waste Management, vol. 12, no. 2–3, pp. 221–239, 1992, doi: 10.1016/0956-053X(92)90050-S
37. X. Hou, L. J. Struble, and R. J. Kirkpatrick, “Formation of ASR gel and the roles of C-S-H and portlandite,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 34, no. 9, pp. 1683–1696, Sep. 2004, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.026
38. H. F. W. Taylor, Cement chemistry, vol. 20, no. 4. 1990. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00023-7
39. P. Hewlett, Lea" s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, vol. 58, no. 10. 2004. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-7506-6256-7.50031-X
40. A. Leemann, G. Le Saout, F. Winnefeld, D. Rentsch, and B. Lothenbach, “Alkali-Silica reaction: The Influence of calcium on silica dissolution and the formation of reaction products,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 94, no. 4, pp. 1243–1249, 2011, doi: 10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04202.x
41. I. Klur, B. Pollet, J. Virlet, and A. Nonat, “C-S-H Structure Evolution with Calcium Content by Multinuclear NMR,” Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Cement-Based Materials, pp. 119–141, 1998.
42. B. Audiger, J. Baudracco, G. Escadeillas, A. Pagès, and R. Salmon, “Dissolutions Mechanisms of Powdered Glass,” in 1st Int. Conf. On Engineering for Waste Treatment - WASTEENG, A. Nzihou, Ed., Albi, France, 2005.
43. S. Diamond, “A review of alkali-silica reaction and expansion mechanisms 1. Alkalies in cements and in concrete pore solutions,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 329–345, 1975, doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(75)90089-7
44. E. L’Hôpital, B. Lothenbach, K. Scrivener, and D. A. Kulik, “Alkali uptake in calcium alumina silicate hydrate (C-A-S-H),” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 85, pp. 122–136, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.03.009
45. S. Y. Hong and F. P. Glasser, “Alkali sorption by C-S-H and C-A-S-H gels: Part II. Role of alumina,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1101–1111, 2002, doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00753-6
46. T. Chappex and K. Scrivener, “Alkali fixation of C-S-H in blended cement pastes and its relation to alkali silica reaction,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 42, no. 8, pp. 1049–1054, 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.010
47. T. Chappex and K. L. Scrivener, “The effect of aluminum in solution on the dissolution of amorphous silica and its relation to cementitious systems,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 96, no. 2, pp. 592–597, 2013, doi: 10.1111/jace.12098
48. D. J. Belton, O. Deschaume, and C. C. Perry, “An overview of the fundamentals of the chemistry of silica with
relevance to biosilicification and technological advances,” FEBS Journal, vol. 279, no. 10, pp. 1710–1720, 2012. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08531.x
49. G. R. Choppin, P. Pathak, and P. Thakur, “Polymerization and Complexation Behavior of Silicic Acid: A Review,” Main Group Metal Chemistry, vol. 31, pp. 53–71, 2008.
50. S. S. Kouassi, J. Andji, J.-P. Bonnet, and S. Rossignol, “Dissolution of waste glass in high alkaline solutions,” Ceramics – Silikáty, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 235-240 (2010).
51. T. W. Swaddle, J. Salerno, and P. A. Tregloan, “Aqueous aluminates, silicates, and aluminosilicates.,” Chemical Society Reviews, pp. 319–325, 1994.
52. M. Bagheri, B. Lothenbach, M. Shakoorioskooie, and K. Scrivener, “Effect of different ions on dissolution rates of silica and feldspars at high pH,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 152, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2021.106644
53. P. M. Dove, N. Han, A. F. Wallace, and J. J. De Yoreo, “Kinetics of amorphous silica dissolution and the paradox of the silica polymorphs,” Proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, vol. 105, no. 29, pp. 9903–9908, 2008, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803798105
54. A. Vollpracht, B. Lothenbach, R. Snellings, and J. Haufe, “The pore solution of blended cements: a review,” Materials and Structures, vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 3341–3367, 2016, doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0724-1
55. D. V. Okhrimenko et al., “Surface evolution of aluminosilicate glass fibers during dissolution: Influence of pH, solid-to-solution ratio and organic treatment,” Journal of Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 606, pp. 1983–1997, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.148
56. K. L. Goetschius, M. A. Beuerlein, C. M. Bischoff, and R. K. Brow, “Dissolution behavior of ternary alkalialkaline earth-borate glasses in water,” Journal of Non Crystalline Solids, vol. 487, pp. 12–18, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2018.02.011
57. E. L’Hôpital, B. Lothenbach, D. A. Kulik, and K. Scrivener, “Influence of calcium to silica ratio on aluminium uptake in calcium silicate hydrate,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 85, pp. 111–121, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.01.014
58. A. Saccani and M. C. Bignozzi, “Cement and Concrete Research ASR expansion behavior of recycled glass fi ne aggregates in concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 531–536, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.003