Title:
The Evolution of the Modified Compression Field Theory for Modeling Existing Concrete Structures: Field Assessment, Deterioration, and Repair
Author(s):
Anca Ferche and Vahid Sadeghian
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
365
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
165-184
Keywords:
alkali-silica reaction, corrosion, fiber-reinforced polymer, modified compression field theory, nonlinear finite element analysis, structural assessment, strengthening and repair, stochastic simulation.
DOI:
10.14359/51746690
Date:
3/1/2025
Abstract:
Developed 40 years ago by Frank Vecchio and Michael Collins, the Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT) and its successor, the Disturbed Stress Field Model (DSFM), have proven to be robust methodologies in modeling the response of concrete structures. Originally developed for newly designed concrete structures, they have been refined over the years to expand their applicability to various engineering problems, including modeling deteriorated and repaired structures. This paper reviews the evolution and application of MCFT in modeling and assessment of deteriorated and repaired concrete structures. The first part focuses on the application of MCFT to advanced field structural assessment, including stochastic analysis procedures that incorporate field data. The second part discusses the evolvement of MCFT to account for two of the most common deterioration mechanisms, reinforcement corrosion and alkali-silica reaction. The last part explores the application of the model to structures repaired with fiber-reinforced polymer composites. It is concluded that the extension of the MCFT formulation has enabled it to reliably predict the behavior of both deteriorated and repaired concrete structures.
Related References:
AASHTO LRFD, 2024, “Bridge Design Specifications”, 10th Edition, American Association of State Highway Transportation Officials (AASHTO), Washington, D.C., United States.
ACI Code Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary”, American Concrete Institute (ACI), Farmington Hills, Michigan, United States.
Akguzel, U., and Pampanin, S., 2012, “Assessment and Design Procedure for the Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints using FRP Composite Materials”, ASCE J. Compos. Constr., 16(1).
Alonso, C., Andrade, C., and Gonzalez, J.A., 1988, “Relation Between Resistivity and Corrosion Rate of Reinforcements in Carbonated Mortar Made with Several Cement Types”, Cement and Concrete Research, 18(5), pp. 687-698.
Bentz, E.C., Vecchio, F.J., and Collins, M.P., 2006, “The Simplified MCFT for Calculating the Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Elements”, ACI Structural Journal, 103(4), pp. 614-624.
Bentz, E.C., 2010, “Shear Strength of Beams and Implications of New Approaches”, Technical Report, Fib Bulletin 57: Shear and Punching Shear in RC and FRC Elements, doi.org/10.35789/fib.BULL.0057.
Cairns, J., Plizzari, G., Du, Y., Law, D., and Franzoni, C., 2005, Mechanical Properties of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforcement”, ACI Material Journal, 102(4), 256-264.
Collins, M.P., Quach, P.T., and Bentz, E.C., 2020, “Shear Behavior of Thick Slabs”, ACI Structural Journal, 117(4), pp. 115-125.
Charlwood, R.G., Solymar, Z.V., and Curtis, D.D., 1992, “A Review of Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Hydro Plants and Dams”, Proc. of the Int. Conf. of Alkali Aggregate Reactions in Hydroelectric Plants and Dams,
Fredericton, NB, Canada.
Chung, L., Najm, H., Balaguru, P., 2008, “Flexural Behavior of Concrete Slabs with Corroded Bars”, Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(3), pp.184-193.
CSA Committee A23.3, 2024, “Design of Concrete Structures”, Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Mississauga, ON, Canada, 301 pp.
Eslami, A., and Ronagh, H.R., 2013, “Effect of FRP Wrapping in Seismic Performance of RC Buildings with and without Special Detailing – A Case Study”, Compos. Part B: Eng. J., 45(1), pp. 1265-1274.
Feng, Q., Visintin, P., and Oehlers, D.J., 2016, “Deterioration of Bond–Slip Due to Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 68(15), pp. 768-781.
Ferche, A.C., Panesar, D.K., Sheikh, S.A., and Vecchio, F.J., 2017, “Toward Macro-modeling of ASR Affected Structures”, ACI Structural Journal, 114(5), pp. 1121-1129. doi: 10.14359/51700778.
Ferche, A.C., and Vecchio, F.J., 2022, “Modeling of Alkali-Silica Reaction-Affected Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Structures”, ACI Structural Journal, 119(2), pp. 75-88.
Fib Bulletin No. 45, 2008, “Practitioners' Guide to FE Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland, doi: 10.35789/fib.BULL.0045.
Fib Commission 10, 2020, “The fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2020”, International Federation for Structural Concrete (fib), Lausanne, Switzerland.
Guner, S., and Vecchio, F.J., 2010, “Pushover Analysis of Shear-Critical Frames: Formulation”, ACI Structural J., 107(1), pp. 63-71.
Habibi, S., Ferche, A.C., and Vecchio, F.J., 2022, “Modeling Corrosion-Damaged Reinforced Concrete Members”, ACI Structural Journal, 119(1), pp. 170-183.
Huang, X., Sadeghian, V., Kwon, O.S., 2015, “Development of Integrated Framework for Distributed Multi-Platform Simulation”, 6th Int. Conf. on Advances in Experimental Structural Eng., Urbana-Champaign, United
States.
Hunter, M.D., Ferche, A.C., and Vecchio, F.J., 2021a, “Stochastic Finite Element Analysis of Shear-Critical Concrete Structures”, ACI Structural Journal, 118(3), pp. 71-83.
Hunter, M.D., Ferche, A.C., and Vecchio, F.J., 2021b, “Influence of Spatial Variability of Concrete in Large Shear-Critical Structures”, ACI Structural Journal, 118(2), pp. 249-262.
Institution of Structural Engineers (ISE), 1992, “Structural Effects of Alkali-Silica Reaction,” SETO, London, UK.
Karabinis, A.I., Rousakis, T.C., Manolitsi, G.E., 2008, “3D Finite-Element Analysis of Substandard RC Columns Strengthened by Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets”, ASCE J. Compos. Constr., 12(5), pp. 531-540.
Kashani, M.M., Maddocks, J., and Dizaj. E.F., 2019, “Residual Capacity of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Bridge Components: State-of-the-Art Review”, ASCE Journal of Bridge Engineering, 24(7).
Lam, L., and Teng, J., 2009, “Stress-Strain Model for FRP-Confined Concrete under Cyclic Axial Compression”, Eng. Struct., 31(2), pp. 308–321.
Liu, T., and Weyers, R.W., 1998, “Modeling the Dynamic Corrosion Process in Chloride Contaminated Concrete Structures”, Cement and Concrete Research, 28(3), pp. 365-379.
Ma, R.L., 2018, “Program Sherlock: A Tool for Stochastic Finite Element Analysis and Field Assessment of Concrete Structures”, MSc Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 140 pp.
Maaddawy, T., Soudki, K., and Topper, T., 2005, “Long-term Performance of Corrosion-damaged Reinforced Concrete Beams”, ACI Structural Journal, 102(5), pp. 649-656.
Memon, M.S., and Sheikh, S., 2005, “Seismic Resistance of Square Concrete Columns Retrofitted with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer”, ACI Structural Journal, 102(5), pp. 774-783.
Mitchell, D., and Collins, M.P., 1974, “Diagonal Compression Field Theory-A Rational Model for Structural Concrete in Pure Torsion”, ACI Journal Proceedings, 71(8), pp. 396-408.
Montoya, E., Vecchio, F.J., and Sheikh, S.A., 2004, “Numerical Evaluation of the Behaviour of Steel- and FRPConfined Concrete Using Compression Field Modeling”, Engineering Structures, 26(11), pp. 1535-1545.
Nakaba, K., Kanakubo, T., Furuta, T., and Yoshizawa, H., 2001, “Bond Behavior Between Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Laminates and Concrete”, ACI Structural Journal, 98(3), pp. 359-367.
Pantazopoulou, S.J., and Papoulia, K.D., 2001, “Modeling Cover-Cracking Due to Reinforcement Corrosion in RC Structures”, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, 127(4), pp. 342-351.
Sadeghian, V., 2017, “A Framework for Multi-Platform Analytical and Experimental Simulations of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, PhD Thesis, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Sadeghian, V., and Vecchio, F.J., 2018, “The Modified Compression Field Theory: Then and Now”, ACI Special Publication SP-328, pp. 41-60.
Sadeghian, V., Kwon, O.S., and Vecchio, F.J., 2019, “A Framework for Multi-Platform Simulation of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, Engineering Structures, 181, pp.260-270.
doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.023.
Sadeghian, V., Kwon, O.S., and Vecchio, F.J., 2018, “Modelling Beam-Membrane Interface in Reinforced Concrete Frames”, ACI Structural Journal, 115(3), pp. 826-836.
Sadeghian, V., and Vecchio, F.J., 2016, “Application of Multi-Scale Modelling on Large Shear-Critical Reinforced Concrete Structural Systems Repaired with FRP Sheets”, Innovations in Corrosion and Materials Science, 6(2), pp. 106-114.
Sadeghian, V., Tanyous, M., and Mirshekar, M., 2020, “Modelling FRP-Strengthened Beam-Column Joints in Performance Assessment of RC Frames,” 6th Int. Conf. on Construction Materials, Fukuoka, Japan.
Saouma, V., and Perotti, L., 2006, “Constitutive Model for Alkali-Aggregate Reactions”, ACI Materials Journal, 103(3), pp. 194-202.
Sato, Y., and Vecchio, F.J., 2003, “Tension Stiffening and Crack Formation in Reinforced Concrete Members with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets”, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 129(6), pp. 717-724.
Stewart, M.G., and Al-Harthy, A., 2008, “Pitting Corrosion and Structural Reliability of Corroding RC Structures: Experimental Data and Probabilistic Analysis”, Reliability Engineering and System Safety, 93, pp. 373-382.
Vecchio, F.J., 2001, “Disturbed Stress Field Model for Reinforced Concrete: Implementation”, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(1), pp. 12-20.
Vecchio, F.J., 2001, “Non-linear Finite Element Analysis of Reinforced Concrete: At the Crossroads?”, Structural Concrete. 2(4), pp. 201-212.
Vecchio, F.J., Lai, D., Shim, W., and Ng, J. 2001, “Disturbed Stress Field Model for Reinforced Concrete: Validation”, ASCE Journal of Structural Engineering, 127(4), pp. 350-358.
Vecchio, F.J., and Bucci, F., 1999, “Analysis of Repaired Reinforced Concrete Structures”, ASCE J. of Structural Engineering, 125(6), pp. 644-652.
Vecchio, F.J., and Collins, M.P., 1986, “The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear”, ACI Journal, pp. 219-231.
Wagner, H., 1929, “Ebene Blechwandtra¨ger mit sehr du¨nnem Stegblech”, Z. Flugtech. Motorluftschiffahrt, Berlin, Germany, V. 20, No. 8-12.
Wang, X.H., and Liu, X.L., 2004, “Modelling Effects of Corrosion on Cover Cracking and Bond in Reinforced Concrete”, Magazine of Concrete Research, 56(4), pp. 191-199.
Wong, P.S., Trommels, H., and Vecchio, F.J., 2013, “VecTor2 and FormWorks User’s Manual”, 2nd Edition, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, 311 pp.
Wong, R.S.Y., and Vecchio, F.J., 2003, “Towards Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Members with Externally-Bonded FRP Composites”, ACI Structural Journal, 100(1), pp. 47-55.
Zaborac, J., Athanasiou, A., Salamone, S., Bayrak, O., and Hrynyk, T., 2019, “Evaluation of Structural Cracking in Concrete”, Technical Report 0-6919-1, Center for Transportation Research, Uni. of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States.