Title:
Toward Crack-Based Assessment of Existing Reinforced Concrete Structures
Author(s):
Amirali Bahnamiri and Trevor D. Hrynyk
Publication:
Symposium Paper
Volume:
365
Issue:
Appears on pages(s):
148-164
Keywords:
shear, performance assessment, cracking, disturbed stress field model (DSFM), nonlinear modeling, finite element.
DOI:
10.14359/51746689
Date:
3/1/2025
Abstract:
This paper presents a review of different modeling techniques that have been proposed to employ visual concrete cracking measurements as input in ‘crack-based’ reinforced concrete analysis procedures. The suitability of a recently developed crack-informed modeling approach that incorporates concrete cracking measurements as model input, using an equivalent loading approach where concrete cracks are replaced by fictitious loads that induce similar damage, is examined for applications involving idealized RC panel elements presented in the literature. The procedure employs the formulations of the Disturbed Stress Field Model (DSFM) as the basis for cracked reinforced concrete material and compatibility modeling and a solution framework that permits simple implementation in smeared crack continuum analysis procedures. Preliminary results indicate that crack-based modeling procedures can be used to provide enhanced performance assessments of cracked RC components.
Related References:
AASHTO. 2018. Manual for bridge element inspection (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: AASHTO.
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 9th Edition, 2020.
Asjodi, A.H., Dolatshahi, K.M, and Burton, H.V., 2023. “Three-dimensional fragility surface for reinforced concrete shear walls using image-based damage features”, Earthquake Eng. and Structural Dynamics, 52 (8): 2533-2553.
Athanasiou, A., Ebrahimkhanlou, A., Zaborac, J., Hrynyk, T.D., and Salamone, S., 2020. “A machine learning approach based on multifractal features for crack assessment of reinforced concrete shells”, Computer Aided Civil Infrastructure Eng., 35: 565–578.
Bhanamiri, A. and Hrynyk, T.D., 2024. “Crack-Informed Modelling of Reinforced Concrete Structures”, Proc. of 2024 CSCE Annual Conf., Niagara Falls, Canada (in press), 11 pp.
Bhide, S.B., 1987. “Reinforced concrete elements in shear and tension”, Publication 87-02, University of Toronto, Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Calvi, P.M., Bentz, E.C. and Collins, M.P., 2018a. “Model for Assessment of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Membrane Elements Subjected to Shear and Axial Loads”, ACI Struct. J., 115: 501–509.
Calvi, P.M., Proestos, G.T. and Ruggiero, D.M., 2018b. “Towards the development of direct crack-based assessment of structures”, ACI Spec. Publ. 328: 9–1.
CEB-FIP MODEL CODE 1990., 1993. Thomas Telford Publishing.
CIRC. 2016. Informing the Future: The Canadian Infrastructure Report Card.
CSA Group, 2024. CSA A23.3:24 Design of Concrete Structures.
CSA Group, 2019. CSA S6:19 Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code.
Davoudi, R., Miller, G.R., and Kutz, J.N., 2018. “Data-driven vision-based inspection for reinforced concrete beams and slabs: Quantitative damage and load estimation”, Automation in Construction, 96: 292–309.
Dias-da-Costa, D., Alfaiate, J., Sluys, L.J., Júlio, E., 2009. “A discrete strong discontinuity approach”, Eng. Fracture Mechanics, 76: 1176–1201.
Dias-da-Costa, D., Alfaiate, J., Sluys, L.J., Júlio, E., 2010. “A comparative study on the modelling of discontinuous fracture by means of enriched nodal and element techniques and interface elements”, International J. of Fracture, 161: 97–119.
Ebrahimkhanlou, A., Farhidzadeh, A., and Salamone, S., 2016. “Multifractal analysis of crack patterns in reinforced concrete shear walls”, Structural Health Monitoring, 15: 81–92.
Ebrahimkhanlou, A., Athanasiou, A., Hrynyk, T.D., Bayrak, O., and Salamone, S., 2019. “Fractal and Multifractal Analysis of Crack Patterns in Prestressed Concrete Girders”, ASCE J. Bridge Eng., 24, 04019059.
Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), 2019. National Bridge Inventory 2018 Data.
Gálvez, J.C., Červenka, J., Cendón, D.A. and Saouma, V., 2002. “A discrete crack approach to normal/shear cracking of concrete”, Cement & Concrete Research, 32:1567–1585.
Li, B., Maekawa, K., Okamura, H., 1987. “Contact density model for cracks in concrete”, IABSE Colloq., Delft, pp. 51–62.
Luo, J.W., and Vecchio, F.J., 2016. “Behavior of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete under Reversed Cyclic Shear”, ACI Structural Journal, 113: 75–83.
IAEA. 2002. “Guidebook on non-destructive testing of concrete structures”. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.
Maekawa, K., Okamura, H. and Pimanmas, A., 2014. “Non-Linear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete”, CRC Press, London.
MTO. 2008. Ontario Structure Inspection Manual (OSIM). Policy, Planning & Standards Division, Eng. Std. Branch, Bridge Office, ISBN 0-7794-0431-9.
Mihaylov, B., Bentz, E.C., and Collins, M.P., 2013. “Two-Parameter Kinematic Theory for Shear Behavior of Deep Beams”, ACI Struct. J., 110.
NBIS 1996. “Code of Federal Regulations, No. 23CFR650”, National Bridge Inspection Standards, Washington, D.C., USA.
Paal, S.G., Jeon, J.-S., Brilakis, I. and DesRoches, R., 2015. “Automated Damage Index Estimation of Reinforced Concrete Columns for Post-Earthquake Evaluations”, ASCE J. of Structural Eng., 141, 04014228.
Proestos, G.T., Palipana, D.K., and Mihaylov, B., 2021. “Evaluating the shear resistance of deep beams loaded or supported by wide elements”, Elsevier J. Eng. Structures, 226, 111368.
Public Sector Digest. 2015. The State of Ontario’s Roads and Bridges: An Analysis of 93 Municipalities. London, Canada, 31 pp.
Ruggiero, D.M., Bentz, E.C., Calvi, G.M., and Collins, M.P., 2016. “Shear Response under Reversed Cyclic Loading”, ACI Structural Journal, 113: 1313–1324.
Sadeghian, V. and Vecchio, F.J., 2018. “The Modified Compression Field Theory: Then and Now”, ACI Special Publication 328.
Standards Australia, 2017. AS 5100.5-2017: Bridge Design–Concrete.
Trandafir, A.N., Palipana, D.K., Proestos, G.T. and Mihaylov, B., 2022. “Framework for crack-based assessment of existing lightly reinforced concrete deep members”, ACI Struct. J., 119: 255–266.
Uzel, A., 2004. “Shear design of large footings”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto.
Vecchio, F.J., 1982. “The response of reinforced concrete to in-plane shear and normal stresses”, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Toronto.
Vecchio, F.J. 2000., “Disturbed Stress Field Model for Reinforced Concrete: Formulation”, ASCE J. of Structural Eng., 126 (9): 1070-1077.
Vecchio, F.J. and Collins, M.P., 1986. “The modified compression-field theory for reinforced concrete elements subjected to shear”, ACI Journal, 83 (2): 219-231.
Vecchio, F.J., Lai, D., Shim, W. and Ng, J., 2001. “Disturbed stress field model for reinforced concrete: validation”, ASCE J. Struct. Eng., 127: 350–358.
Wang, J., Shi, Z., and Nakano, M., 2013. “Strength degradation analysis of an aging RC girder bridge using FE crack analysis and simple capacity-evaluation equations”, Eng. Fract. Mech., 108: 209–221.
Wong, P.S., Vecchio F.J. and Trommels, H., 2013. “VecTor2 and Formworks User’s Manual. 2nd edition”, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Xie, L., 2009. “The Influence of Axial Load and Prestress on the Shear Strength of Web-Shear Critical Reinforced Concrete Elements”, PhD Dissertation, University of Toronto, Dept. of Civil Engineering.
Zaborac, J., Athanasiou, A., Salamone, S., Bayrak, O., and Hrynyk, T.D., 2019. “Evaluation of structural cracking in concrete”, CTR Report No. FHWA/TX-19-0-6919-1, Austin, Texas.
Zaborac, J., Athanasiou, A., Salamone, S., Bayrak, O., Hrynyk, T.D., 2020a. “Crack-Based Shear Strength Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Members Using a Fixed-Crack Continuum Modeling Approach”, ASCE J. of Structural Eng., 146 (4): 04020024.
Zaborac, J., Perez, B., Hrynyk, T.D. and Bayrak, O., 2020b. “Structural performance assessment of a 60-year-old reinforced concrete bent cap”, Structural Concrete, 21: 2549–2564.