Title:
Behavior of Concrete Bridge-Deck Slabs Reinforced with Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Polymer and Steel Bars
Author(s):
Yahia M. S. Ali, Xin Wang, Shui Liu, and Zhishen Wu
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
120
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
121-138
Keywords:
basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) bar; concrete bridge; hybrid reinforcement; shear behavior
DOI:
10.14359/51738840
Date:
9/1/2023
Abstract:
Recently, hybrid reinforcement by combining steel with fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) bars has emerged as a new system in reinforced concrete (RC) constructions. This reinforcement system can effectively overcome the ductility and serviceability challenges of FRP-RC structures. A total of 11 full-scale bridge-deck slabs were constructed and tested. The test parameters were reinforcement type, ratio, arrangement, and slab thickness. Moreover, a comparison between the experimental and predicted deflections from design provisions was carried out to verify the efficiency of the models for hybrid RC sections. Based on test results, hybrid RC slabs exhibited ductility leading to an ample warning before failure rather than brittle shear failure observed for FRP-RC slabs.
In addition, hybrid RC slabs displayed good stiffness, serviceability, and load-carrying capacity. Furthermore, test results give an average bond-dependent coefficient, kb, of 1.27, close to the 1.2 recommended by ACI CODE-440.11-22. In addition, some modifications were proposed to shear equations available in\ different design codes to be valid for hybrid RC members without shear reinforcement.
Related References:
AASHTO, 2018, “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete,” second edition, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
Abdul-Salam, B.; Farghaly, A. S.; and Benmokrane, B., 2016, “Mechanisms of Shear Resistance of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with FRP Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 127, Nov., pp. 959-970. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.10.015
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ACI Committee 440, 2015, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 88 pp.
ACI Committee 440, 2022, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Bars—Code and Commentary (ACI CODE-440.11-22),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 260 pp.
Aiello, M. A., and Ombres, L., 2002, “Structural Performances of Concrete Beams with Hybrid (Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Steel) Reinforcements,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 6, No. 2, May, pp. 133-140. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2002)6:2(133)
Ali, Y. M. S.; Wang, X.; Ding, L.; Liu, S.; and Wu, Z., 2023, “Experimental and Numerical Investigations of the Effects of Various Tensile Reinforcement Types on the Structural Behavior of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs,” Engineering Structures, V. 285, June, Article No. 116036. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116036
ASTM D7205/D7205M-06(2016), 2016, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 13 pp.
Bischoff, P. H., 2007, “Deflection Calculation of FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on Modifications to the Existing Branson Equation,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 11, No. 1, Feb., pp. 4-14. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:1(4)
Bischoff, P. H.; Gross, S.; and Ospina, C. E., 2009, “The Story Behind Proposed Changes to ACI 440 Deflection Requirements for FRP-Reinforced Concrete,” Serviceability of Concrete Members Reinforced with Internal/External FRP Reinforcement, SP-264, C. Ospina, P. Bischoff, and T. Alkhrdaji, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 53-76.
CSA S6:19, 2019, “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1182 pp.
CSA S806-12 (R2017), 2017, “Design and Construction of Building Structures with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Duic, J.; Kenno, S.; and Das, S., 2018, “Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Basalt Fibre Composite Rebar,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 176, July, pp. 470-481. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.208
El-Nemr, A.; Ahmed, E. A.; and Benmokrane, B., 2013, “Flexural Behavior and Serviceability of Normal- and High-Strength Concrete Beams Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1077-1088.
El-Salakawy, E., and Benmokrane, B., 2004, “Serviceability of Concrete Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 101, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 727-736.
El-Salakawy, E. F.; Kassem, C.; and Benmokrane, B., 2003, “Flexural Behaviour of Bridge Deck Slabs Reinforced with FRP Composite Bars,” Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures: Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on FRP Reinforcement for Concrete Structures (FRPRCS-6), K. H. Tan, ed., World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, pp. 1291-1300.
El-Sayed, A.; El-Salakawy, E.; and Benmokrane, B., 2005, “Shear Strength of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 9, No. 2, Apr., pp. 147-157. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:2(147)
El-Sayed, A. K.; El-Salakawy, E. F.; and Benmokrane, B., 2006a, “Shear Strength of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams without Transverse Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 235-243.
El-Sayed, A. K.; El-Salakawy, E. F.; and Benmokrane, B., 2006b, “Shear Capacity of High-Strength Concrete Beams Reinforced with FRP Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 3, May-June, pp. 383-389.
El Refai, A.; Abed, F.; and Al-Rahmani, A., 2015, “Structural Performance and Serviceability of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Hybrid (GFRP and Steel) Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 96, Oct., pp. 518-529. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.063
Elgabbas, F.; Ahmed, E. A.; and Benmokrane, B., 2016, “Experimental Testing of Concrete Bridge-Deck Slabs Reinforced with Basalt-FRP Reinforcing Bars under Concentrated Loads,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 21, No. 7, July, p. 04016029. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000892
Ferrier, E.; Michel, L.; Zuber, B.; and Chanvillard, G., 2015, “Mechanical Behaviour of Ultra-High-Performance Short-Fibre-Reinforced Concrete Beams with Internal Fibre Reinforced Polymer Bars,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 68, Jan., pp. 246-258. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.08.001
Ge, W.; Wang, Y.; Ashour, A.; Lu, W.; and Cao, D., 2020, “Flexural Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Steel–FRP Composite Bars,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, V. 20, No. 2, June, Article No. 56. doi: 10.1007/s43452-020-00058-6
Ge, W.; Zhang, J.; Cao, D.; and Tu, Y., 2015, “Flexural Behaviors of Hybrid Concrete Beams Reinforced with BFRP Bars and Steel Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 87, July, pp. 28-37. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.113
Goldston, M.; Remennikov, A.; and Sheikh, M. N., 2016, “Experimental Investigation of the Behaviour of Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Bars under Static and Impact Loading,” Engineering Structures, V. 113, Apr., pp. 220-232. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.044
Ibrahim, A. I.; Wu, G.; and Sun, Z.-Y., 2017, “Experimental Study of Cyclic Behavior of Concrete Bridge Columns Reinforced by Steel Basalt-Fiber Composite Bars and Hybrid Stirrups,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 21, No. 2, Apr., p. 04016091. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000742
Liu, S.; Wang, X.; Ali, Y. M. S.; Su, C.; and Wu, Z., 2022, “Flexural Behavior and Design of Under-Reinforced Concrete Beams with BFRP and Steel Bars,” Engineering Structures, V. 263, July, Article No. 114386. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.114386
Matta, F.; El-Sayed, A. K.; Nanni, A.; and Benmokrane, B., 2013, “Size Effect on Concrete Shear Strength in Beams Reinforced with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 617-628.
Michaluk, C. R.; Rizkalla, S. H.; Tadros, G.; and Benmokrane, B., 1998, “Flexural Behavior of One-Way Concrete Slabs Reinforced by Fiber Reinforced Plastic Reinforcements,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 95, No. 3, May-June, pp. 353-364.
Mota, C.; Alminar, S.; and Svecova, D., 2006, “Critical Review of Deflection Formulas for FRP-RC Members,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 10, No. 3, June, pp. 183-194. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:3(183)
Nanni, A.; Henneke, M. J.; and Okamoto, T., 1994, “Tensile Properties of Hybrid Rods for Concrete Reinforcement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 8, No. 1, pp. 27-34. doi: 10.1016/0950-0618(94)90005-1
Nguyen, P. D.; Dang, V. H.; and Vu, N. A., 2020, “Performance of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Various Ratios of Hybrid GFRP/Steel Bars,” Civil Engineering Journal, V. 6, No. 9, pp. 1652-1669. doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091572
Pang, L.; Qu, W.; Zhu, P.; and Xu, J., 2016, “Design Propositions for Hybrid FRP-Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 20, No. 4, Aug., p. 04015086. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000654
Qin, R.; Zhou, A.; and Lau, D., 2017, “Effect of Reinforcement Ratio on the Flexural Performance of Hybrid FRP Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 108, Jan., pp. 200-209. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.054
Qu, W.; Zhang, X.; and Huang, H., 2009, “Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Hybrid (GFRP and Steel) Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 13, No. 5, Oct., pp. 350-359. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000035
Ruan, X.; Lu, C.; Xu, K.; Xuan, G.; and Ni, M., 2020, “Flexural Behavior and Serviceability of Concrete Beams Hybrid-Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Steel Bars,” Composite Structures, V. 235, Mar., Article No. 111772. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.111772
Safan, M. A., 2013, “Flexural Behavior and Design of Steel-GFRP Reinforced Concrete Beams,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 110, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 677-686.
Shield, C.; Brown, V.; Bakis, C. E.; and Gross, S., 2019, “A Recalibration of the Crack Width Bond-Dependent Coefficient for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 23, No. 4, Aug., p. 04019020. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000978
Sun, Z.; Fu, L.; Feng, D.-C.; Vatuloka, A. R.; Wei, Y.; and Wu, G., 2019, “Experimental Study on the Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Bundled Hybrid Steel/FRP Bars,” Engineering Structures, V. 197, Oct., Article No. 109443. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109443
Sun, Z.-Y.; Wu, G.; Wu, Z.-S.; and Zhang, M., 2011, “Seismic Behavior of Concrete Columns Reinforced by Steel-FRP Composite Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 15, No. 5, Oct., pp. 696-706. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000199
Sun, Z. Y.; Yang, Y.; Qin, W. H.; Ren, S. T.; and Wu, G., 2012, “Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Concrete Beams Reinforced by Steel-Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Bars,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, V. 31, No. 24, Dec., pp. 1737-1745. doi: 10.1177/0731684412456446
Tureyen, A. K., and Frosch, R. J., 2002, “Shear Tests of FRP-Reinforced Concrete Beams without Stirrups,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 427-434.
Wang, X.; Liu, S.; Shi, Y.; Wu, Z.; and He, W., 2022, “Integrated High-Performance Concrete Beams Reinforced with Hybrid BFRP and Steel Bars,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 148, No. 1, Jan., p. 04021235. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003207
Wu, G.; Dong, Z.-Q.; Wang, X.; Zhu, Y.; and Wu, Z.-S., 2015, “Prediction of Long-Term Performance and Durability of BFRP Bars under the Combined Effect of Sustained Load and Corrosive Solutions,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 19, No. 3, June, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000517
Wu, G.; Sun, Z. Y.; Wu, Z. S.; and Luo, Y. B., 2012, “Mechanical Properties of Steel-FRP Composite Bars (SFCBs) and Performance of SFCB Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 15, No. 4, Apr., pp. 625-635. doi: 10.1260/1369-4332.15.4.625
Wu, Z.; Fahmy, M. F. M.; and Wu, G., 2009, “Safety Enhancement of Urban Structures with Structural Recoverability and Controllability,” Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami, V. 3, No. 3, Sept., pp. 143-174. doi: 10.1142/S1793431109000561
Xingyu, G.; Yiqing, D.; and Jiwang, J., 2020, “Flexural Behavior Investigation of Steel-GFRP Hybrid-Reinforced Concrete Beams Based on Experimental and Numerical Methods,” Engineering Structures, V. 206, Mar., Article No. 110117. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110117
Yang, Y.; Sun, Z.-Y.; Wu, G.; Cao, D.-F.; and Pan, D., 2020, “Experimental Study of Concrete Beams Reinforced with Hybrid Bars (SFCBs and BFRP Bars),” Materials and Structures, V. 53, No. 4, Aug., Article No. 77. doi: 10.1617/s11527-020-01514-8
Yinghao, L., and Yong, Y., 2013, “Arrangement of Hybrid Rebars on Flexural Behavior of HSC Beams,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 45, No. 1, Feb., pp. 22-31. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.08.023
Yoo, D.-Y.; Banthia, N.; and Yoon, Y.-S., 2016, “Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP and Steel Rebars,” Engineering Structures, V. 111, Mar., pp. 246-262. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.12.003