Title:
Bond of Plain Bars in Early-Age Concrete under Bilateral Pressures
Author(s):
Wen-Ming Li, Zhi-Min Wu, Jian-Jun Zheng, and Rena C. Yu
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
120
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
61-74
Keywords:
bilateral pressure; bond behavior; early-age concrete; plain steel bar; pullout failure
DOI:
10.14359/51738665
Date:
5/1/2023
Abstract:
Plain steel bars are still used in reinforced concrete structures
in some developing areas or in some special structural joints for greater ductility. The purpose of this paper is to present an experimental study on 432 pullout specimens to quantify the effects of level of bilateral pressures and curing age on the bond behavior of plain steel bars in early-age concrete. Based on the experimental results, the time dependence of the peak bond stress and the slip at peak bond stress is analyzed. Two empirical formulas are formulated for evaluating the peak bond stress and the slip at peak bond stress in terms of the strength of concrete, the curing age, and the level of lateral pressures. Finally, an empirical bond stress-slip relationship is proposed and verified by experimental results.
Related References:
1. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 408, “Bond and Development of Straight Reinforcing Bars in Tension (ACI 408R-03) (Reapproved 2012),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2003, 49 pp.
2. IS 456, “Plain and Reinforced Concrete-Code of Practice,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2019, 100 pp.
3. Verderame, G. M.; Ricci, P.; Carlo, G. D.; and Manfredi, G., “Cyclic Bond Behaviour of Plain Bars Part I: Experimental Investigation,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 12, 2009, Dec. 2015, pp. 3499-3511.
4. Verderame, G. M.; Carlo, G. D.; Ricci, P.; and Fabbrocino, G., “Cyclic Bond Behaviour of Plain Bars Part II: Analytical Investigation,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 12, 2009, Dec. 2015, pp. 3512-3522.
5. Maclean, M. S., and Feldman, L. R., “Effects of Casting Position and Bar Shape on Bond of Plain Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2014, pp. 323-330.
6. Abrams, D. A., “Tests of Bond Between Concrete and Steel,” University of Illinois, Bulletin. No. 71, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 1913, 240 pp.
7. Ahmad, S.; Rafi, M. M.; Pilakoutas, K.; Zaman, K.; Qaiser, U.; Shabbir, F.; and Tahir, M. F., “Bond-Slip Behaviour of Steel Bars in Low-Strength Concrete,” Structures and Buildings, V. 169, No. 7, 2016, pp. 524-537. doi: 10.1680/jstbu.15.00067
8. Li, X. X.; Wu, Z. M.; Zheng, J. J.; and Dong, W., “Effect of Loading Rate on the Bond Behavior of Plain Round Bars in Concrete Under Lateral Pressure,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 94, Sept. 2015, pp. 826-836. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.085
9. Deng, M. K.; Pan, J. J.; and Sun, H. Z., “Bond Behavior of Steel Bar Embedded in Engineered Cementitious Composites Under Pull-Out Load,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 168, Apr. 2018, pp. 705-714. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.165
10. Xiao, J. Z., and Falkner, H., “Bond Behaviour Between Recycled Aggregate Concrete and Steel Rebars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 21, No. 2, 2007, pp. 395-401. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.08.008
11. Javier, E. L.; Sindy, S. P.; Belén, G. F.; and Fernando, M. A., “Bond Behavior of Recycled Concrete: Analysis and Prediction of Bond Stress-Slip Curve,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 29, No. 10, 2017, p. 04017156. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002000
12. Kaffetzakis, M. I., and Papanicolaou, C. G., “Bond Behavior of Reinforcement in Lightweight Aggregate Self-Compacting Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 113, June 2016, pp. 641-652. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.081
13. Jiang, T.; Zhang, X.; Wu, Z. M.; and Abdellahi, M. M., “Bond-Slip Response of Plain Bars Embedded in Self-Compacting Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Under Lateral Tensions,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 29, No. 9, 2017, p. 04017084. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001893
14. Jiang, T.; Wu, Z. M.; Ye, H. L.; Fei, X. D.; and Yu, R. C., “Bond Behavior of Deformed Bars in Self-Compacting Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Subjected to Lateral Tensions,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 31, No. 9, 2019, p. 04019176. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002813
15. Yi, S. T.; Kim, J. K.; and Oh, T. K., “Effect of Strength and Age on the Stress-Strain Curves of Concrete Specimens,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 8, 2003, pp. 1235-1244. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00044-9
16. Wang, X. Y., and Lee, H. S., “Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Concrete Considering the Effects of Temperature and Aging,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 29, Apr. 2012, pp. 581-590. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.001
17. ACI Committee 231, “Report on Early-Age Cracking Causes, Measurement and Mitigation (ACI 231R-10),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 46 pp.
18. Chapman, R. A., and Shah, S. P., “Early-Age Bond Strength in Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 84, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1987, pp. 501-510.
19. Song, X. B.; Wu, Y. J.; Gu, X. L.; and Chen, C., “Bond Behaviour of Reinforcing Steel Bars in Early Age Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 94, Sept. 2015, pp. 209-217. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.060
20. Hu, X. P.; Peng, G.; Niu, D. T.; and Wang, J., “Experimental Study on Bond Properties Between Early-Age Concrete and Deformed Steel Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 236, Mar. 2020, p. 117593. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117593
21. Hughes, B. P., and Videla, C., “Design Criteria for Early-Age Bond Strength in Reinforced Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 25, No. 8, 1992, pp. 445-463. doi: 10.1007/BF02472635
22. Shen, D. J.; Shi, X.; Zhang, H.; Duan, X. F.; and Jiang, G. Q., “Experimental Study of Early Age Bond Behavior Between High Strength Concrete and Steel Bars Using a Pullout Test,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 113, June 2016, pp. 653-663. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.094
23. Song, X. B.; Cai, Q.; Li, Y. Q.; and Li, C. Z., “Bond Behavior Between Steel Bars and Carbon Nanotube Modified Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 255, Sept. 2020, p. 119339. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119339
24. Liu, Z. Y., and Phares, B. M., “Material Selection for the Joint Between Adjacent Box Beams,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 32, No. 4, 2020, p. 04020039. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003085
25. Wu, Z. M.; Zhang, X. X.; Ma, Z.; Li, X. R.; and Yu, R. C., “Bond Behavior of Deformed Bars in Self-Compacting Lightweight Aggregate Concrete at Early Ages,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 33, No. 2, 2021, p. 04020460. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003573
26. Pozolo, A., and Andrawes, B., “Transfer Length in Prestressed Self-Consolidating Concrete Box and I-Girders,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 3, May-June 2011, pp. 341-349.
27. Hossain, K. M., “Bond Characteristics of Plain and Deformed Bars in Lightweight Pumice Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 22, No. 7, 2008, pp. 1491-1499. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2007.03.025
28. Yuan, G. L.; Zhao, Z. Y.; and Li, Q. T., “Bond Behavior Between Cement-Based Grouting Material and Steel Bar Under Repetitive Loading After Being Exposed to High Temperature at Early Age,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 262, Nov. 2020, p. 120023. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120023
29. Hu, X. P.; Peng, G.; Niu, D. T.; and Zhao, N., “Bond Characteristics of Deformed Steel Bar in Early-Age Frozen Concrete During Service Period,” Engineering Structures, V. 197, Oct. 2019, p. 109438. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109438
30. Li, Q. T.; Liu, L. J.; and Yuan, G. L., “Improvement of Bond Behavior Between Steel Bar and Concrete Subjected to Elevated Temperature at Early Age,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 70, No. 17, 2018, pp. 885-893. doi: 10.1680/jmacr.17.00065
31. RILEM/CEB/FIP, “Bond Test for Reinforcing Steel 2: Pullout Test,” E&FN Spon, London, UK, 1983.
32. CEB-FIP, “fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010,” Comité Euro-Internationa du Béton, Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 2013, 434 pp.
33. MOHURD of the People’s Republic of China, “Standard for Test Method of Concrete Structures (GB T 50152-2012),” China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, China, 2012, 119 pp.
34. MOHURD of the People’s Republic of China, “Standard for Test Method of Concrete Physical and Mechanical Properties (GB/T 50081-2019),” China Architecture and Building Press, Beijing, China, 2019, 148 pp.
35. Xu, F.; Wu, Z. M.; Zheng, J. J.; Hu, Y.; and Li, Q. B., “Bond Behavior of Plain Round Bars in Concrete Under Complex Lateral Pressures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2014, pp. 15-25.
36. Cairns, J., “Local Bond-Slip Model for Plain Surface Reinforcement,” Structural Concrete, V. 22, No. 2, 2021, pp. 666-675. doi: 10.1002/suco.202000114