Title:
Normal and Controlled Low-Strength Material Concrete with High Volume of Fly Ash and Glass Waste
Author(s):
Mohit Agarwal and Enrique del Rey Castillo
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
75-88
Keywords:
controlled low-strength material (CLSM); fly ash concrete; glass sand; glass waste; sustainability; sustainable concrete
DOI:
10.14359/51734687
Date:
7/1/2022
Abstract:
The use of industrial waste in concrete and controlled low-strength mixtures (CLSM) along with the experimental analysis of the fresh and hardened properties was investigated in this research. Four waste materials were used to design 17 mixtures. Fly ash and glass powder were investigated at high rates of replacement for cement, from 60 to 90%. This information is scarce in published literature and can help practitioners and concrete batchers in developing mixtures with a high level of replacement. Additionally, natural sand was substituted by glass sand which, in combination with fly ash and glass powder as cement replacement, provides an entirely new body of knowledge of concrete mixtures that use limited newly produced materials. Adequate strength and flowability was achieved with the use of recycled waste materials for both normal concrete and CLSM.
All normal concrete mixtures except one, which had a 90% fly ash replacement, achieved a 28-day compressive strength of at least 29 MPa. Concrete with this compressive strength has multiple applications that represent a significant portion of the concrete produced. Using these mixtures has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of virgin products, especially cement that has a significant carbon footprint. All CLSM mixtures except two had a compressive strength of less than 2 MPa, therefore meeting the walkability and excavability requirements as set out in American Concrete Institute (ACI) guidelines and codes. Finally, an equation was proposed to predict the 28-day compressive strength of concrete with high volumes of fly ash replacement (>60%). As far as the authors are aware, there is no method to calculate the compressive strength of this type of concrete. This equation represents a significant contribution not only to the research body but also to practitioners and concrete batchers.
Related References:
1. Reed, P.; Schoonees, K.; and Salmond, J., Historic Concrete Structures in New Zealand: Overview, Maintenance and Management, Department of Conservation - Te Papa Atawhai, Wellington, New Zealand, 2008.
2. Rodgers, L., “Climate Change: The Massive CO2 Emitter You May Not Know About,” BBC News, Dec. 17, 2018, https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-46455844. (last accessed May 23, 2022)
3. NZS 3104, “Specification for Concrete Production,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2003.
4. ACI Committee 116, “Cement and Concrete Terminology (ACI 116R-00),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2000.
5. ACI Committee 229, “Report on Controlled Low-Strength Materials (ACI 229R-13),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 22 pp.
6. NRMCA, Concrete in Practice: What, Why & How?, National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, Alexandria, VA, 2000.
7. Browne, T. J., “Controlled Low Strength Concrete,” Proceedings of the 1992 New Zealand Concrete Society Technical Conference, 1992.
8. Lehne, J., and Preston, F., Making Concrete Change: Innovation in Low-Carbon Cement and Concrete, Chatham House, London, UK, 2018.
9. Celik, K.; Meral, C.; Gursel, A. P.; Mehta, P. K.; Horvath, A.; and Monteiro, P. J., “Mechanical Properties, Durability, and Life-Cycle Assessment of Self-Consolidating Concrete Mixtures Made with Blended Portland Cements Containing Fly Ash and Limestone Powder,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 56, 2015, pp. 59-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.11.003
10. United Nations, “Bigger Climate Action Emerging in Cement Industry,” United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Oct. 26, 2017, https://unfccc.int/news/bigger-climate-action-emerging-in-cement-industry. (last accessed May 23, 2022)
11. The World Bank, “CO2 Emissions (Metric Tons per Capita),” 2014, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.CO2E.PC. (last accessed May 23, 2022)
12. de Leeuw, J.; Shankman, D.; Wu, G.; de Boer, W. F.; Burnham, J.; He, Q.; Yesou, H.; and Xiao, J., “Strategic Assessment of the Magnitude and Impacts of Sand Mining in Poyang Lake, China,” Regional Environmental Change, V. 10, No. 2, 2010, pp. 95-102. doi: 10.1007/s10113-009-0096-6
13. de Brito, J., and Kurda, R., “The Past and Future of Sustainable Concrete: A Critical Review and New Strategies on Cement-Based Materials,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 281, 2021, p. 123558. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123558
14. del Rey Castillo, E.; Almesfer, N.; Saggi, O.; and Ingham, J. M., “Light-Weight Concrete with Artificial Aggregate Manufactured from Plastic Waste,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 265, 2020, p. 120199. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120199
15. Naran, J. M.; Gonzalez, R. E. G.; del Rey Castillo, E.; Toma, C. L.; Almesfer, N.; van Vreden, P.; and Saggi, O., “Incorporating Waste to Develop Environmentally-Friendly Concrete Mixes,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 314, Part A, 2022, p. 125599. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125599
16. Wongkeo, W.; Thongsanitgarn, P.; Ngamjarurojana, A.; and Chaipanich, A., “Compressive Strength and Chloride Resistance of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing High Level Fly Ash and Silica Fume,” Materials & Design, V. 64, 2014, pp. 261-269. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.07.042
17. Hannesson, G.; Kuder, K.; Shogren, R.; and Lehman, D., “The Influence of High Volume of Fly Ash and Slag on the Compressive Strength of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 30, 2012, pp. 161-168. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.046
18. Kou, S. C., and Poon, C. S., “Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Prepared with Recycled Glass Aggregate,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 31, No. 2, 2009, pp. 107-113. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.002
19. Kaza, S.; Yao, L. C.; Bhada-Tata, P.; and Van Woerden, F., What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050, The World Bank, Washington, DC, 2018.
20. EPA, “Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: Facts and Figures Report,” United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2019.
21. MFE, “Environmental Report Card: Solid Waste Composition,” The Ministry for the Environment - Manatū Mō Te Taiao, Wellington, New Zealand, 2009.
22. Glass Packaging Forum, “The Glass Story: Infinitely Recyclable,” Hastings, New Zealand, https://www.glassforum.org.nz/the-glass-story/. (last accessed May 23, 2022)
23. Almesfer, N., and Ingham, J., “Effect of Waste Glass on the Properties of Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 26, No. 11, 2014, p. 06014022. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001077
24. El-Chabib, H., and Ibrahim, A., “The Performance of High-Strength Flowable Concrete Made with Binary, Ternary, or Quaternary Binder in Hot Climate,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 47, No. 2013, pp. 245-253. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.062
25. Bouzoubaâ, N., and Lachemi, M., “Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating High Volumes of Class F Fly Ash: Preliminary Results,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 3, 2001, pp. 413-420. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00504-4
26. Shaikh, F. U. A., and Supit, S. W. M., “Mechanical and Durability Properties of High Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) Concrete Containing Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Nanoparticles,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 70, 2014, pp. 309-321. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.07.099
27. Gholampour, A., and Ozbakkaloglu, T., “Performance of Sustainable Concretes Containing Very High Volume Class-F Fly Ash and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 162, No. 2017, pp. 1407-1417. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.087
28. Kuder, K.; Lehman, D.; Berman, J.; Hannesson, G.; and Shogren, R., “Mechanical Properties of Self Consolidating Concrete Blended with High Volumes of Fly Ash and Slag,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 34, 2012, pp. 285-295. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.034
29. Huang, C. H.; Lin, S. K.; Chang, C. S.; and Chen, H. J., “Mix Proportions and Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Very High-Volume of Class F Fly Ash,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 46, 2013, pp. 71-78. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.016
30. Durán-Herrera, A.; Juárez, C. A.; Valdez, P.; and Bentz, D. P., “Evaluation of Sustainable High-Volume Fly Ash Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 33, No. 1, 2011, pp. 39-45. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.09.020
31. Chen, H. J.; Shih, N. H.; Wu, C. H.; and Lin, S. K., “Effects of the Loss on Ignition of Fly Ash on the Properties of High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete,” Sustainability (Switzerland), V. 11, No. 9, 2019, p. 2704. doi: 10.3390/su11092704
32. Zhao, Z.; Wang, K.; Lange, D. A.; Zhou, H.; Wang, W.; and Zhu, D., “Creep and Thermal Cracking of Ultra-High Volume Fly Ash Mass Concrete at Early Age,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 99, 2019, pp. 191-202. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.018
33. de Castro, S., and de Brito, J., “Evaluation of the Durability of Concrete Made with Crushed Glass Aggregates,” Journal of Cleaner Production, V. 41, 2013, pp. 7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.09.021
34. Park, S. B.; Lee, B. C.; and Kim, J. H., “Studies on Mechanical Properties of Concrete Containing Waste Glass Aggregate,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 34, No. 12, 2004, pp. 2181-2189. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.02.006
35. Raju, S., and Kumar, P. R., “Effect of Using Glass Powder in Concrete,” International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, V. 3, No. 5, 2014, pp. 421-427.
36. Islam, G. M. S.; Rahman, M. H.; and Kazi, N., “Waste Glass Powder as Partial Replacement of Cement for Sustainable Concrete Practice,” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, V. 6, No. 1, 2017, pp. 37-44. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2016.10.005
37. Ali, I., “Behavior of Concrete by Using Waste Glass Powder and Fly Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (Ahmedabad), V. 4, 2015, pp. 1238-1243.
38. Shi, C., and Wu, Y., “Mixture Proportioning and Properties of Self-Consolidating Lightweight Concrete Containing Glass Powder,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 102, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2005, pp. 355-363. doi: 10.14359/14715
39. Vandhiyan, R.; Ramkumar, K.; and Ramya, R., “Experimental Study on Replacement of Cement by Glass Powder,” International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (Ahmedabad), V. 2, No. 5, 2013, pp. 234-238.
40. Ling, T. C.; Kaliyavaradhan, S. K.; and Poon, C. S., “Global Perspective on Application of Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) for Trench Backfilling – An Overview,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 158, 2018, pp. 535-548. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.050
41. Kaliyavaradhan, S. K.; Ling, T. C.; Guo, M. Z.; and Mo, K. H., “Waste Resources Recycling in Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM): A Critical Review on Plastic Properties,” Journal of Environmental Management, V. 241, 2019, pp. 383-396. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.017
42. Ohlheiser, T. R., “Utilization of Recycled Glass as Aggregate in Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM),” The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998.
43. Naik, T. R.; Kraus, R. N.; and Singh, S. S., “Use of Glass and Fly Ash in Manufacture of Controlled Low Strength Materials,” Recent Advances in Concrete Technology: Proceedings, Fifth International Conference, SP-200, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001, pp. 349-366.
44. Aliabdo, A. A.; Abd Elmoaty, A. E. M.; and Aboshama, A. Y., “Utilization of Waste Glass Powder in the Production of Cement and Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 124, 2016, pp. 866-877. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.016
45. NZS 3122, “Specification for Portland and Blended Cements (General and Special Purpose),” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2009.
46. ASTM C618-19, “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
47. Mackechnie, J., “Properties of New Zealand Concrete Aggregates,” Cement and Concrete Association of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2003.
48. NZS 3112-1, “Methods of Test for Concrete. Part 1: Tests Relating to Fresh Concrete,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1986.
49. ASTM D4832-16, “Standard Test Method for Preparation and Testing of Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) Test Cylinders,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
50. GIATEC, “Concrete Maturity: From Theory to Application,” GIATEC Scientific, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2019, https://www.giatecscientific.com/strength-maturity/. (last accessed May 24, 2022)
51. Saul, A. G. A., “Principles Underlying the Steam Curing of Concrete at Atmospheric Pressure,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 2, No. 6, 1951, pp. 127-140. doi: 10.1680/macr.1951.2.6.127
52. Sika (NZ) Ltd., “ViscoCrete Product Sheet,” 2019.
53. NZS 3112-2, “Methods of Test for Concrete. Part 2: Tests Relating to the Determination of Strength of Concrete,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 1986.
54. Du, H., and Tan, K. H., “Concrete with Recycled Glass as Fine Aggregates,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 111, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2014, pp. 47-57.
55. Thomas, M., Optimizing the Use of Fly Ash in Concrete, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2017.
56. Ali, E. E., and Al-Tersawy, S. H., “Recycled Glass as a Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate in Self Compacting Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 35, 2012, pp. 785-791. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.117
57. Poutos, K. H.; Alani, A. M.; Walden, P. J.; and Sangha, C. M., “Relative Temperature Changes within Concrete Made with Recycled Glass Aggregate,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 22, No. 4, 2008, pp. 557-565. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.11.018
58. ASTM C1074-19, “Standard Practice for Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019.
59. Mackechnie, J., “Moving Towards Model Specification Guidelines for the Supply of Readymixed Concrete in New Zealand,” Proceedings of the 2015 New Zealand Concrete Industry, 2015.