Title:
Preparation and High-Velocity Impact Experiment for Three-Dimensional-Printed Concrete
Author(s):
Jiehang Zhou, Longyu Du, Jianzhong Lai, Qiang Wang, Saiyang Dong, and Yujie Yang
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
67-78
Keywords:
fluidity; high-performance concrete; mechanical properties; penetration; three-dimensional (3-D) printing
DOI:
10.14359/51734353
Date:
3/1/2022
Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3-D) printed concrete is a new technology for civil engineering. In this paper, 3-D printed concrete was prepared for a study on static and dynamic properties. The best fluidity of the concrete was researched and the optimization mixture ratio for better mechanical performance was discussed. The mechanical performances of the concrete were tested and the anisotropy phenomenon in 3-D printed concrete was found. The computed tomography (CT) scanning and imaging progress methods were used to discuss the reason for the phenomenon. The penetration experiments were carried out to research the dynamic performance of the 3-D printed concrete. The results of the penetration tests were compared with the empirical formulas. The Young formula was improved according to the results.
Related References:
1. Culmone, C.; Smit, G.; and Breedveld, P., “Additive Manufacturing of Medical Instruments: A State-of-the-Art Review,” Additive Manufacturing, V. 27, 2019, pp. 461-473. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.03.015
2. Ford, S., and Minshall, T., “Invited Review Article: Where and How 3D Printing is Used in Teaching and Education,” Additive Manufacturing, V. 25, 2019, pp. 131-150. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.028
3. O’Hara, W. J. IV; Kish, J. M.; and Werkheiser, M. J., “Turn-Key Use of an Onboard 3D Printer for International Space Station Operations,” Additive Manufacturing, V. 24, 2018, pp. 560-565. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.029
4. Zhang, J.; Wang, J.; Dong, S.; Yu, X.; and Han, B., “A Review of the Current Progress and Application of 3D Printed Concrete,” Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, V. 125, 2019, p. 105533. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2019.105533
5. Buswell, R. A.; Soar, R. C.; Gibb, A. G. F.; and Thorpe, A., “Freeform Construction: Mega-Scale Rapid Manufacturing for Construction,” Automation in Construction, V. 16, No. 2, 2007, pp. 224-231. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2006.05.002
6. Khoshnevis, B., “Automated Construction by Contour Crafting—Related Robotics and Information Technologies,” Automation in Construction, V. 13, No. 1, 2004, pp. 5-19. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2003.08.012
7. Pegna, J., “Exploratory Investigation of Solid Freeform Construction,” Automation in Construction, V. 5, No. 5, 1997, pp. 427-437. doi: 10.1016/S0926-5805(96)00166-5
8. Bazhanov, A.; Yudin, D.; Porkhalo, V.; and Karikov, E., “Control System of Robotic Complex for Constructions and Buildings Printing,” 2016 International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies (IDT), Rzeszów, Poland, 2016, pp. 23-31.
9. Albers, J.; Estill, C.; and MacDonald, L., “Identification of Ergonomics Interventions Used to Reduce Musculoskeletal Loading for Building Installation Tasks,” Applied Ergonomics, V. 36, No. 4, 2005, pp. 427-439. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2004.07.005
10. Gambao, E.; Balaguer, C.; and Gebhart, F., “Robot Assembly System for Computer-Integrated Construction,” Automation in Construction, V. 9, No. 5-6, 2000, pp. 479-487. doi: 10.1016/S0926-5805(00)00059-5
11. Bosscher, P.; Williams, R. L. II; Bryson, L. S.; and Castro-Lacouture, D., “Cable-Suspended Robotic Contour Crafting System,” Automation in Construction, V. 17, No. 1, 2007, pp. 45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2007.02.011
12. Kazemian, A.; Yuan, X.; Cochran, E.; and Khoshnevis, B., “Cementitious Materials for Construction-Scale 3D Printing: Laboratory Testing of Fresh Printing Mixture,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 145, 2017, pp. 639-647. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.015
13. Vaitkevičius, V.; Šerelis, E.; and Kerševičius, V., “Effect of Ultra-Sonic Activation on Early Hydration Process in 3D Concrete Printing Technology,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 169, 2018, pp. 354-363. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.007
14. Bos, F.; Wolfs, R.; Ahmed, Z.; and Salet, T., “Additive Manufacturing of Concrete in Construction: Potentials and Challenges of 3D Concrete Printing,” Virtual and Physical Prototyping, V. 11, No. 3, 2016, pp. 209-225. doi: 10.1080/17452759.2016.1209867
15. Zhang, X.; Li, M.; Lim, J. H.; Weng, Y.; Tay, Y.; Pham, H.; and Pham, Q., “Large-Scale 3D Printing By a Team of Mobile Robots,” Automation in Construction, V. 95, 2018, pp. 98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.08.004
16. Hongyao, S.; Lingnan, P.; and Jun, Q., “Research on Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing Based on Multi-Robot Collaboration Technology,” Additive Manufacturing, V. 30, 2019, p. 100906. doi: 10.1016/j.addma.2019.100906
17. Lu, B.; Weng, Y.; Li, M.; Qian, Y.; Leong, K. F.; Tan, M. J.; and Qian, S., “A Systematical Review of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 207, 2019, pp. 477-490. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.02.144
18. Shakor, P.; Nejadi, S.; Paul, G.; Sanjayan, J.; and Nazari, A., “Mechanical Properties of Cement-Based Materials and Effect of Elevated Temperature on Three-Dimensional (3-D) Printed Mortar Specimens in Inkjet 3-D Printing,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 116, No. 2, Mar. 2019, pp. 55-67. doi: 10.14359/51714452
19. Zhang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, G.; Yang, Y.; Wu, M.; and Pang, B., “Fresh Properties of a Novel 3D Printing Concrete Ink,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 174, 2018, pp. 263-271. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.04.115
20. Reales, O. M.; Duda, P.; Silva, E. C. C. M.; Paiva, M. D. M.; and Filhoa, R. D. T., “Nanosilica Particles as Structural Buildup Agents for 3D Printing with Portland Cement Pastes,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 219, 2019, pp. 91-100. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.174
21. Panda, B.; Ruan, S.; Unluer, C.; and Tana, M. J., “Improving the 3D Printability of High Volume Fly Ash Mixtures Via the Use of Nano Attapulgite Clay,” Composites. Part B, Engineering, V. 165, 2019, pp. 75-83. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.11.109
22. Tay, Y.; Li, M.; and Tan, M. J., “Effect of Printing Parameters in 3D Concrete Printing: Printing Region and Support Structures,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, V. 271, 2019, pp. 261-270. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2019.04.007
23. Mechtcherine, V.; Grafe, J.; Nerella, V.; Spaniol, E.; Hertel, M.; and Füssel, U., “3D-Printed Steel Reinforcement for Digital Concrete Construction—Manufacture, Mechanical Properties and Bond Behaviour,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 179, 2018, pp. 125-137. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.202
24. Ma, G.; Li, Z.; Wang, L.; Wang, F.; and Sanjayan, J., “Mechanical Anisotropy of Aligned Fiber Reinforced Composite for Extrusion-Based 3D Printing,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 202, 2019, pp. 770-783. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.008
25. Gosselin, C.; Duballet, R.; Roux, P.; Gaudillière, N.; Dirrenberger, J.; and Morel, P., “Large-Scale 3D Printing of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete—A New Processing Route for Architects and Builders,” Materials & Design, V. 100, 2016, pp. 102-109. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.03.097
26. Panda, B.; Paul, S. C.; and Tan, M. J., “Anisotropic Mechanical Performance of 3D Printed Fiber Reinforced Sustainable Construction Material,” Materials Letters, V. 209, 2017, pp. 146-149. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2017.07.123
27. Feng, J.; Gao, X. D.; Li, J. Z.; Dong, H.; He, Q.; Liang, J.; and Sun, W., “Penetration Resistance of Hybrid-Fiber-Reinforced High-Strength Concrete under Projectile Multi-Impact,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 202, 2019, pp. 341-352. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.038
28. Liu, J.; Wu, C. Q.; Li, J.; Su, Y.; Shao, R.; Liu, Z.; and Chen, G., “Experimental and Numerical Study of Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced with Steel Wire Mesh against Projectile Penetration,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 109, 2017, pp. 131-149. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.06.006
29. Sadraie, H.; Khaloo, A.; and Soltani, H., “Dynamic Performance of Concrete Slabs Reinforced with Steel and GFRP Bars under Impact Loading,” Engineering Structures, V. 191, 2019, pp. 62-81. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.04.038
30. Yu, R.; Spiesz, P.; and Brouwers, H. J. H., “Energy Absorption Capacity of a Sustainable Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete (UHPFRC) in Quasi-Static Mode and under High Velocity Projectile Impact,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 68, 2016, pp. 109-122. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2016.02.012
31. Luccioni, B.; Isla, F.; Codina, R.; Ambrosini, D.; Zerbino, R.; Giaccio, G.; and Torrijos, M. C., “Effect of Steel Fibers on Static and Blast Response of High Strength Concrete,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 107, 2017, pp. 23-37. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.04.027
32. Shao, R.; Wu, C.; Su, Y.; Liu, Z.; Liu, J.; Chen, G.; and Xu, S., “Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Penetration Resistance of Ultra-High Strength Concrete Protected with Ceramic Balls Subjected to Projectile Impact,” Ceramics International, V. 45, No. 6, 2019, pp. 7961-7975. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.01.110
33. Li, P. P.; Sluijsmans, M. J. C.; Brouwers, H. J. H.; and Yu, Q. L., “Functionally Graded Ultra-High Performance Cementitious Composite with Enhanced Impact Properties,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 183, 2020, p. 107680. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107680
34. Lai, J.; Yang, H.; Wang, H.; Zheng, X.; and Wang, Q., “Penetration Experiments and Simulation of Three-Layer Functionally Graded Cementitious Composite Subjected to Multiple Projectile Impacts,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 196, 2019, pp. 499-511. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.154
35. Pickel, D. J.; West, J. S.; and Alaskar, A., “Use of Basalt Fibers in Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 115, No. 6, Nov. 2018, pp. 867-876. doi: 10.14359/51710958
36. Farina, I.; Fabbrocino, F.; Carpentieri, G.; Modano, M.; Amendola, A.; Goodall, R.; Feo, L.; and Fraternali, F., “On the Reinforcement of Cement Mortars through 3D Printed Polymeric and Metallic Fibers,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 90, 2016, pp. 76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.12.006
37. ASTM C1437-15, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.
38. ASTM C293-08, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008.
39. ASTM C39/C39M-18, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018.
40. Paul, S. C.; Tay, Y. W. D.; Panda, B.; and Tan, M. J., “Fresh and Hardened Properties of 3D Printable Cementitious Materials For Building And Construction,” Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, V. 18, No. 1, 2018, pp. 311-319. doi: 10.1016/j.acme.2017.02.008
41. Feng, J.; Gao, X.; Li, J.; Dong, H.; He, Q.; Liang, J.; and Sun, W., “Penetration Resistance of Hybrid-Fiber-Reinforced High-Strength Concrete under Projectile Multi-Impact,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 202, 2019, pp. 341-352. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.038
42. Young, C. W., “Equations for Predicting Earth Penetration by Projectiles: An Update,” SAND88-0013, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 1988.
43. Chelapati, C. V., and Wall, I. B., “Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Risk for Nuclear Power Plants,” Nuclear Engineering and Design, V. 29, No. 3, 1974, pp. 346-359. doi: 10.1016/0029-5493(75)90045-X
44. Forrestal, M. J.; Altman, B. S.; Cargile, J. D.; and Hanchak, S. J., “An Empirical Equation for Penetration Depth of Ogive-Nose Projectiles Into Concrete Targets,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 15, No. 4, 1994, pp. 395-405. doi: 10.1016/0734-743X(94)80024-4