Title:
Compressive Strength Recommendations for Protecting Concrete from Multiple Freezing-and-Thawing Cycles
Author(s):
Ronald L. Kozikowski, James Klinger, and Bruce A. Suprenant
Publication:
Concrete International
Volume:
43
Issue:
10
Appears on pages(s):
51-55
Keywords:
test, air, expansion, durability
DOI:
10.14359/51734226
Date:
10/1/2021
Abstract:
Several ACI documents include compressive strength requirements or recommendations for protection of concrete from multiple cycles of freezing and thawing. The article compares these requirements/recommendations with available data from freezing-and-thawing tests of normalweight and lightweight concrete specimens. Based on a review of the existing data, the authors propose changes to the current ACI compressive strength requirements/recommendations for concrete exposed to freezing and thawing.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 201, “Guide to Durable Concrete (ACI 201.2R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 84 pp.
2. ACI Committee 306, “Guide to Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 24 pp.
3. ACI Committee 308, “Guide to External Curing of Concrete (ACI 308R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 36 pp.
4. ACI Committee 308, “Specification for Curing Concrete (ACI 308.1-11),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 7 pp.
5. ACI Committee 301, “Specifications for Concrete Construction (ACI 301-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2020, 69 pp.
6. ACI Committee 306, “Standard Specification for Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306.1-90) (Reapproved 2002),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1990, 5 pp.
7. Klieger, P., “Effect of Entrained Air on Strength and Durability of Concrete with Various Sizes of Aggregates,” Highway Research Board, Bulletin 128: Durability of Concrete, Nov. 1956, pp. 1-19.
8. Gebler, S.H., and Klieger, P., “Effect of Fly Ash on the Durability of Air-Entrained Concrete,” SP-91, Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1986, pp. 483-520.
9. Klieger, P., “Effect of Entrained Air on Concretes Made with So-Called ‘Sand-Gravel’ Aggregates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 45, No. 10, Oct. 1948, pp. 149-163.
10. Klieger, P., and Hanson, J.A., “Freezing and Thawing Tests of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 57, No. 1, Jan. 1961, pp. 779-796.
11. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 623 pp.