Title:
Testing and Modeling of Reinforcement Cage Penetration Capacity from Concrete Rheometer Results
Author(s):
Yannick Vanhove, Chafika Djelal, and Albert Magnin
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
407-419
Keywords:
continuous flight auger (CFA) piles; deep foundation; rheology; structural buildup; yield stress
DOI:
10.14359/51734153
Date:
11/1/2021
Abstract:
Workability after concrete placement is important in continuous flight auger (CFA) piles construction because the reinforcement cage needs to be placed within the concrete at the end of casting. During the rest phase, which can last 30 minutes, the restructuring of the concrete affects the penetration capacity of the reinforcement cage.
An experimental investigation was carried out over a period of 30 minutes to compare the static and dynamic yield stress, measured using a rotational rheometer, with the shear stress interaction between the reinforcement cage and the concrete. Tests were performed using 10 mixtures in the laboratory. A viscosity-modifying admixture was used to promote the thixotropy effect. The
study was completed with four mixtures on site. The results showed a good correlation between the concrete rheological properties and the capacity to sink the reinforcement cage into the concrete. A simple model is proposed to estimate the shear stress applied to the reinforcement cage. The time needed to reach the final depth was correlated with the plastic viscosity, while the shear stress of the cage and the final depth were connected to the concrete yield stress. The penetration cage test is an effective tool to optimize concrete mixture proportions for the construction of CFA piles.
Related References:
1. Bottiau, M., and Huybrechts, N., “Recent Advances in Pile Design, Construction, Monitoring and Testing,” Proceedings, XVII European Conference on Soils Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering-2019: Geotechnical Engineering Foundation of the Future, Icelandic Geotechnical Society, Reykjavik, Iceland, 2019, pp. 1-52. doi: 10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-1116.10.32075/17ECSMGE-2019-1116
2. Abdrabbo, F. M., and Gaaver, K. E., “Installation Effects of Auger Cast-in-Place Piles,” Alexandria Engineering Journal, V. 51, No. 4, Dec. 2012, pp. 281-292. doi: 10.1016/j.aej.2012.08.001
3. Larisch, M. D., “Current Practice of CFA Piling an Australia and New Zealand,” Proceedings, International Conference on Deep Foundations and Grout Improvement, DFI/EFFC, Rome, Italy, 2018, pp. 572-580.
4. Brown, D. A.; Dapp, S. D.; Thompson, W. R.; and Lazarte, C. A., “Geotechnical Engineering Circular No. 8: Design and Construction of Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles (Technical Report 23 FHWA-HIF-07-03),” U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington, DC, Apr. 2007, 293 pp.
5. Larisch, M. D.; Qin, Z.; and Alehossein, H., “Performance Control Tests and Numerical Simulations for Concrete in Deep Foundations,” Concrete in Australia, V. 39, No. 4, 2018, pp. 26-34.
6. Dairou, M. M., “Rheological Behavior Study of Concrete Piles Foundations during the Placement of the Reinforcement Cage—Development of a Characterization Tool,” PhD thesis, University of Artois, Béthune, France, 2017, 142 pp. (in French)
7. Vanhove, Y., and Djelal, C., “Influence of Rheological Properties of Concrete Foundation on the Implementation of Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Piles,” Materials and Structures, V. 53, No. 5, Oct. 2020, Article No. 124, 15 pp. doi: 10.1617/s11527-020-01556-y
8. Dairou, M. M.; Vanhove, Y.; Djelal, C.; Kada, H.; and Gotteland, P., “Influence of Concrete Structural Buildup at Rest on the Penetration of Reinforcement Cages in Piles,” International Journal of Structural Analysis & Design, V. 2, No. 1, 2015, pp. 77-82. doi: 10.15224/978-1-63248-054-5-107
9. Petit, J.-Y.; Khayat, K. H.; and Wirquin, E., “Coupled Effect of Time and Temperature on Variations of Yield Value of Highly Flowable Mortar,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 5, May 2006, pp. 832-841. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.001
10. Zayed, T. M., “Productivity and Cost Assessment for Continuous Flight Auger Piles,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, V. 131, No. 6, June 2005, pp. 677-688. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2005)131:6(677)
11. Asghari, A. A.; Feys, D.; and De Schutter, G., “Time Evolution of Rheology of Cement Pastes Affected by Mixture Design and Mixing Procedure,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 115, No. 5, Sept. 2018, pp. 707-716. doi: 10.14359/51702348
12. Wallevik, J. E., “Rheological Properties of Cement Paste: Thixotropic Behavior and Structural Breakdown,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 1, Jan. 2009, pp. 14-29. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.10.001
13. Roussel, N.; Ovarlez, G.; Garrault, S.; and Brumaud, C., “The Origins of Thixotropy of Fresh Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 1, Jan. 2012, pp. 148-157. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.09.004
14. Boujlel, J., and Coussot, P., “Measuring Yield Stress: A New, Practical, and Precise Technique Derived from Detailed Penetrometry Analysis,” Rheologica Acta, V. 51, No. 10, Oct. 2012, pp. 867-882. doi: 10.1007/s00397-012-0643-9
15. Estellé, P.; Michon, C.; Lanos, C.; and Grossiord, J. L., “De l’intérêt d’une caractérisation rhéologique empirique et relative,” La mesure en rhéologie – des advances récentes aux perspectives, J.-L. Grossiord and A. Ponton, eds., EDP Sciences, Les Ulis, France, 2013, pp. 205-248. (in French)
16. Adachi, K., and Yoshioka, N., “On Creeping Flow of a Visco-Plastic Fluid Past a Circular Cylinder,” Chemical Engineering Science, V. 28, No. 1, Jan. 1973, pp. 215-226. doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(73)85102-4
17. Tokpavi, D. L.; Magnin, A.; and Jay, P., “Very Slow Flow of Bingham Viscoplastic Fluid around a Circular Cylinder,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, V. 154, No. 1, Sept. 2008, pp. 65-76. doi: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2008.02.006
18. Tokpavi, D. L.; Jay, P.; and Magnin, A., “Interaction between Two Circular Cylinders in Slow Flow of Bingham Viscoplastic Fluid,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, V. 157, No. 3, Apr. 2009, pp. 175-187. doi: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2008.11.001
19. Koehler, E. P., and Fowler, D. W., “Development of a Portable Rheometer for Fresh Portland Cement Concrete (Research Report ICAR–105-3F),” International Center for Aggregates Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 2007, 328 pp.
20. Oishi, C. M.; Thompson, R. L.; and Martins, F. P., “Transient Motions of Elasto-Viscoplastic Thixotropic Materials Subjected to an Imposed Stress Field and to Stress-Based Free-Surface Boundary Conditions,” International Journal of Engineering Science, V. 109, Dec. 2016, pp. 165-201. doi: 10.1016/j.ijengsci.2016.08.004
21. Malkin, A. Y., and Isayev, A. I., Rheology: Concepts, Methods, and Applications, second edition, ChemTec Publishing, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2011, 528 pp. doi: 10.1016/C2011-0-04626-4.10.1016/C2011-0-04626-4
22. Barnes, H. A., “Thixotropy—A Review,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, V. 70, No. 1-2, May 1997, pp. 1-33. doi: 10.1016/S0377-0257(97)00004-9
23. Perrot, A.; Mélinge, Y.; Estellé, P.; Rangeard, D.; and Lanos, C., “The Back Extrusion Test as a Technique for Determining the Rheological and Tribological Behaviour of Yield Stress Fluids at Low Shear Rates,” Applied Rheology, V. 21, No. 5, Oct. 2011, Article No. 53642. doi: 10.3933/ApplRheol-21-53642
24. Toutou, Z.; Roussel, N.; and Lanos, C., “The Squeezing Test: A Tool to Identify Firm Cement-Based Material’s Rheological Behaviour and Evaluate Their Extrusion Ability,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 35, No. 10, Oct. 2005, pp. 1891-1899. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.007
25. Axelsson, M., and Gustafson, G., “A Robust Method to Determine the Shear Strength of Cement-Based Injection Grouts in the Field,” Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, V. 21, No. 5, Sept. 2006, pp. 499-503. doi: 10.1016/j.tust.2005.08.011
26. Randolph, M. F., and Houlsby, G. T., “The Limiting Pressure on a Circular Pile Loaded Laterally in Cohesive Soil,” Géotechnique, V. 34, No. 4, Dec. 1984, pp. 613-623. doi: 10.1680/geot.1984.34.4.613
27. Scotto Di Santolo, A.; Pellegrino, A. M.; Evangelista, A.; and Coussot, P., “Rheological Behaviour of Reconstituted Pyroclastic Debris Flow,” Géotechnique, V. 62, No. 1, Jan. 2012, pp. 19-27. doi: 10.1680/geot.10.P.005
28. Jeong, S.-W., “Shear Rate-Dependent Rheological Properties of Mine Tailings: Determination of Dynamic and Static Yield Stresses,” Applied Sciences, V. 9, No. 22, Nov. 2019, p. 4744. doi: 10.3390/app9224744
29. Ramge, P.; Proske, T.; and Kühne, H.-C., “Segregation of Coarse Aggregates in Self-Compacting Concrete,” in Design, Production and Placement of Self-Consolidating Concrete: Proceedings of SCC2010, Montreal, Canada, September 26-29, 2010, RILEM Bookseries, V. 1, K. H. Khayat and D. Feys, eds., Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 2010, pp. 113-125.
30. Roussel, N.; Geiker, M. R.; Dufour, F.; Thrane, L. N.; and Szabo, P., “Computational Modeling of Concrete Flow: General Overview,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 9, Sept. 2007, pp. 1298-1307. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.007
31. Roussel, N.; Nguyen, T. L. H.; Yazoghli, O.; and Coussot, P., “Passing Ability of Fresh Concrete: A Probabilistic Approach,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 3, Mar. 2009, pp. 227-232. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.11.009
32. Park, S., “Study on the Fluidity and Strength Properties of High Performance Concrete Utilizing Crushed Sand,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 6, No. 4, 2012, pp. 231-237. doi: 10.1007/s40069-012-0020-1
33. Chen, X.; Sierens, Z.; Vandevyvere, B.; and Li, J., “Experimental Study on the Optimization of Crushed Limestone Sand as Partial Replacement of Sea Sand in Concrete,” Proceedings, Innovative Materials, Products and Systems for Energy Efficient and Energy Positive Buildings, iiSBE Forum of Young Researchers in Sustainable Building, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic, July 2019, pp. 25-34.
34. Donza, H.; Cabrera, O.; and Irassar, E. F., “High-Strength Concrete with Different Fine Aggregate,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 11, Nov. 2002, pp. 1755-1761. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00860-8