Title:
Characterization of Tensile Behavior of Fresh Cementitious Materials
Author(s):
Y. Jacquet, V. Picandet, and A. Perrot
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
217-226
Keywords:
Double Dumbbell Device for Tensile Test (3DTT); microcracks; mixture design; plasticity; tensile behavior; three-dimensional (3D) printing; underwater printing; viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA); workability
DOI:
10.14359/51733125
Date:
11/1/2021
Abstract:
The mixture design of cement-based materials for casting and three-dimensional (3D) printing processes are very different because of their workability requirements. For 3D printing, a compromise has to be found between pumpability and printability to build a structure able to resist its own weight. Specific admixtures can be used to guarantee specific properties and avoid printing defects. This study is part of an ongoing work about the characterization of the tensile behavior of fresh cementitious materials governing deposit-induced cracks during the printing process. During printing, the material layer can be bent, in a sharp corner of a printed structure or during gravity-driven deposition, inducing tensile cracks in part of the outgoing extruded section. This paper presents a new device to test cementitious materials under tension to analyze visco-elastoplastic properties and damage mechanisms. Special attention is paid to the influence of viscosity-modifying admixtures on tensile behavior to improve material printability.
Related References:
1. Buswell, R. A.; Leal de Silva, W. R.; Jones, S. Z.; and Dirrenberger, J., “3D Printing Using Concrete Extrusion: A Roadmap for Research,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 112, 2018, pp. 37-49. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.006
2. De Schutter, G.; Lesage, K.; Mechtcherine, V.; Nerella, V. N.; Habert, G.; and Agusti-Juan, I., “Vision of 3D Printing with Concrete — Technical, Economic and Environmental Potentials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 112, 2018, pp. 25-36. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.06.001
3. Roussel, N., “Rheological Requirements for Printable Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 112, 2018, pp. 76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.04.005
4. Perrot, A., 3D Printing of Concrete: State of the Art and Challenges of the Digital Construction Revolution, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2019.
5. Kovler, K., and Roussel, N., “Properties of Fresh and Hardened Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 7, 2011, pp. 775-792. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.03.009
6. Wolfs, R. J. M.; Bos, F. P.; and Salet, T. A. M., “Early Age Mechanical Behaviour of 3D Printed Concrete: Numerical Modelling and Experimental Testing,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 106, 2018, pp. 103-116. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.001
7. Perrot, A.; Rangeard, D.; and Pierre, A., “Structural Built-up of Cement-Based Materials Used for 3D-Printing Extrusion Techniques,” Materials and Structures, V. 49, No. 4, 2016, pp. 1213-1220. doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0571-0
8. Reiter, L.; Wangler, T.; Anton, A.; and Flatt, R. J., “Setting on Demand for Digital Concrete – Principles, Measurements, Chemistry, Validation,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 132, 2020, p. 106047. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106047
9. Roussel, N.; Bessaies-Bey, H.; Kawashima, S.; Marchon, D.; Vasilic, K.; and Wolfs, R., “Recent Advances on Yield Stress and Elasticity of Fresh Cement-Based Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 124, 2019, p. 105798. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.105798
10. Roussel, N.; Lemaître, A.; Flatt, R. J.; and Coussot, P., “Steady State Flow of Cement Suspensions: A Micromechanical State of the Art,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 40, No. 1, 2010, pp. 77-84. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.026
11. Marchon, D.; Kawashima, S.; Bessaies-Bey, H.; Mantellato, S.; and Ng, S., “Hydration and Rheology Control of Concrete for Digital Fabrication: Potential Admixtures and Cement Chemistry,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 112, 2018, pp. 96-110. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.014
12. Reiter, L.; Wangler, T.; Roussel, N.; and Flatt, R. J., “The Role of Early Age Structural Build-up in Digital Fabrication with Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 112, 2018, pp. 86-95. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.05.011
13. Mechtcherine, V.; Bos, F. P.; Perrot, A.; Leal da Silva, W. R.; Nerella, V. N.; Fataei, S.; Wolfs, R. J. M.; Sonebi, M.; and Roussel, N., “Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing with Cement-Based Materials – Production Steps, Processes, and Their Underlying Physics: A Review,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 132, 2020, p. 106037. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106037
14. Engmann, J.; Servais, C.; and Burbidge, A. S., “Squeeze Flow Theory and Applications to Rheometry: A Review,” Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, V. 132, No. 1-3, 2005, pp. 1-27. doi: 10.1016/j.jnnfm.2005.08.007
15. Toutou, Z.; Roussel, N.; and Lanos, C., “The Squeezing Test: A Tool to Identify Firm Cement-Based Material’s Rheological Behaviour and Evaluate Their Extrusion Ability,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 35, No. 10, 2005, pp. 1891-1899. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.09.007
16. Panda, B.; Lim, J. H.; and Tan, M. J., “Mechanical Properties and Deformation Behaviour of Early Age Concrete in the Context of Digital Construction,” Composites: Part B Engineering, V. 165, 2019, pp. 563-571. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.02.040
17. Roussel, N., and Coussot, P., “Fifty-Cent Rheometer for Yield Stress Measurements: From Slump to Spreading Flow,” Journal of Rheology, V. 49, No. 3, 2005, pp. 705-718. doi: 10.1122/1.1879041
18. Jacquet, Y.; Picandet, V.; Rangeard, D.; and Perrot, A., “Gravity Driven Tests to Assess Mechanical Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials at Fresh State,” Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication: Digital Concrete 2020, Springer, 2020, pp. 280-289.
19. Mazhoud, B.; Perrot, A.; Picandet, V.; Rangeard, D.; and Courteille, E., “Underwater 3D Printing of Cement-Based Mortar,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 214, 2019, pp. 458-467. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.134
20. Ducoulombier, N.; Carneau, P.; Mesnil, R.; Demont, L.; Caron, J.-F.; and Roussel, N., “'The Slug Test': Inline Assessment of Yield Stress for Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing,” Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication: Digital Concrete 2020, Springer, 2020, pp. 216-224.
21. Carneau, P.; Mesnil, R.; Ducoulombier, N.; Roussel, N.; and Baverel, O., “Characterisation of the Layer Pressing Strategy for Concrete 3D Printing,” Second RILEM International Conference on Concrete and Digital Fabrication: Digital Concrete 2020, Springer, 2020, pp. 185-195.
22. Mettler, L. K.; Wittel, F. K.; Flatt, R. J.; and Herrmann, H. J., “Evolution of Strength and Failure of SCC during Early Hydration,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 89, 2016, pp. 288-296. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.09.004
23. Jacquet, Y.; Picandet, V.; Rangeard, D.; and Perrot, A., “Gravity Induced Flow to Characterize Rheological Properties of Printable Cement-Based Materials,” RILEM Technical Letters, V. 5, 2020, pp. 150-156. doi: 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2020.128
24. Jacquet, Y.; Perrot, A.; and Picandet, V., “Assessment of Asymmetrical Rheological Behavior of Cementitious Material for 3D Printing Application,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 140, 2021, p. 106305. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2020.106305
25. Hencky, H., “Uber Die Form Des Elastizitatsgesetzes Bei Ideal Elastischen Stoffen,” Zeit. Tech. Phys., V. 9, 1928, pp. 215-220.
26. Wallevik, J. E., “Relationship between the Bingham Parameters and Slump,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 7, 2006, pp. 1214-1221. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.001
27. Wallevik, O. H.; Feys, D.; Wallevik, J. E.; and Khayat, K. H., “Avoiding Inaccurate Interpretations of Rheological Measurements for Cement-Based Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 78, 2015, pp. 100-109. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.003
28. de Larrard, F.; Ferraris, C. F.; and Sedran, T., “Fresh Concrete: A Herschel-Bulkley Material,” Materials and Structures, V. 31, No. 7, 1998, pp. 494-498. doi: 10.1007/BF02480474
29. Perrot, A.; Pierre, A.; Vitaloni, S.; and Picandet, V., “Prediction of Lateral Form Pressure Exerted by Concrete at Low Casting Rates,” Materials and Structures, V. 48, No. 7, 2015, pp. 2315-2322. doi: 10.1617/s11527-014-0313-8
30. Lecompte, T., and Perrot, A., “Non-Linear Modeling of Yield Stress Increase Due to SCC Structural Build-up at Rest,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 92, 2017, pp. 92-97. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.11.020
31. Kruger, J.; Zeranka, S.; and van Zijl, G., “3D Concrete Printing: A Lower Bound Analytical Model for Buildability Performance Quantification,” Automation in Construction, V. 106, 2019, p. 102904. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102904
32. Roussel, N., “A Thixotropy Model for Fresh Fluid Concretes: Theory, Validation and Applications,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 10, 2006, pp. 1797-1806. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.05.025
33. Ma, S.; Qian, Y.; and Kawashima, S., “Experimental and Modeling Study on the Non-Linear Structural Build-up of Fresh Cement Pastes Incorporating Viscosity Modifying Admixtures,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 108, 2018, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.02.022
34. Mantellato, S.; Palacios, M.; and Flatt, R. J., “Relating Early Hydration, Specific Surface and Flow Loss of Cement Pastes,” Materials and Structures, V. 52, No. 1, 2019, p. 5. doi: 10.1617/s11527-018-1304-y
35. Mahaut, F.; Mokéddem, S.; Chateau, X.; Roussel, N.; and Ovarlez, G., “Effect of Coarse Particle Volume Fraction on the Yield Stress and Thixotropy of Cementitious Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 11, 2008, pp. 1276-1285. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.06.001
36. Wang, Z.; Zhao, Y.; Zhou, L.; Xu, L.; Diao, G.; and Liu, G., “Effects of Hydroxyethyl Methyl Cellulose Ether on the Hydration and Compressive Strength of Calcium Aluminate Cement,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, V. 140, No. 2, 2020, pp. 545-553. doi: 10.1007/s10973-019-08820-6
37. Khelifi, H.; Perrot, A.; Lecompte, T.; Rangeard, D.; and Ausias, G., “Prediction of Extrusion Load and Liquid Phase Filtration during Ram Extrusion of High Solid Volume Fraction Pastes,” Powder Technology, V. 249, 2013, pp. 258-268. doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2013.08.023
38. Perrot, A.; Rangeard, D.; Nerella, V. N.; and Mechtcherine, V., “Extrusion of Cement-Based Materials—An Overview,” RILEM Technical Letters, V. 3, 2019, pp. 91-97. doi: 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.75
39. Perrot, A.; Lecompte, T.; Khelifi, H.; Brumaud, C.; Hot, J.; and Roussel, N., “Yield Stress and Bleeding of Fresh Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 7, 2012, pp. 937-944. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.03.015
40. Yammine, J.; Chaouche, M.; Guerinet, M.; Moranville, M.; and Roussel, N., “From Ordinary Rhelogy Concrete to Self Compacting Concrete: A Transition between Frictional and Hydrodynamic Interactions,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 7, 2008, pp. 890-896. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.011
41. Trouton, F. T., “On the Coefficient of Viscous Traction and Its Relation to That of Viscosity,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character, V. 77, No. 519, 1906, pp. 426-440. doi: 10.1098/rspa.1906.0038
42. Barnes, H. A., “A Handbook of Elementary Rheology,” Institute of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, University of Wales, Ab-erystwyth, UK, 2000.