Title:
Bond Performance between Normal-Strength Concrete and Sand-Lightweight Concrete
Author(s):
Patricia Figueiredo, Sergio Luis Garcia, Renato Cossetti, and Afonso Leite
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
199-213
Keywords:
interface; pulloff; pushoff; roughness; shear strength; slant shear
DOI:
10.14359/51733007
Date:
1/1/2022
Abstract:
This work presents an experimental study to characterize the adhesion strength of concrete interfaces with conventional and lightweight aggregate density. For this purpose, 75 specimens of slant shear (SS), 24 for pushoff (PS) and pulloff (PO) were performed. For the SS test, a modified model was proposed inducing different stresses at the interface of that traditional slant shear. The substrates were manufactured with conventional density concrete with a compressive strength of approximately 50 MPa, and for the overlay and four lightweight concrete with percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100% aggregate replacement. In the modified slant shear (MSS) substrates five types of roughness were performed: smooth, as vibrated and three intentionally rough (R1, R2, and R3), and for the PS and PO tests only the ones: as vibrated (V) and the intentionally rough (R2). An automatic roughness measuring method was developed using a laser displacement sensor. Comparing experimental and theoretical results showed that they provide different values for each type of test. For the MSS, Eurocode 2 and fib model codes can be used for these types of concrete interfaces, but for the PS they have proved to be very conservative.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 213, “Guide for Structural Lightweight-Aggregate Concrete (ACI 213R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014.
2. Costa, H.; Carmo, R. N. F.; and Júlio, E., “Influence of Lightweight Aggregates Concrete on the Bond Strength of Concrete-to-Concrete Interfaces,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 180, 2018, pp. 519-530. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.011
3. Diab, A. M.; Abd Elmoaty, A. E. M.; and Tag Eldin, M. R., “Slant Shear Bond Strength between Self Compacting Concrete and Old Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 130, 2017, pp. 73-82. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.023
4. Zanotti, C., and Banthia, N., “Modified Slant Shear Cylinder Test for Inherent Characterization of Bond in Concrete Repairs,” Indian Concrete Journal, V. 90, No. 8, 2016, pp. 32-40.
5. Bentz, D. P.; De la Varga, I.; Muñoz, J. F.; Spragg, R. P.; Graybeal, B. A.; Hussey, D. S.; Jacobson, D. L.; Jones, S. Z.; and LaManna, J. M., “Influence of Substrate Moisture State and Roughness on Interface Microstructure and Bond Strength: Slant Shear vs. Pull-Off Testing,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 87, 2018, pp. 63-72. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.12.005
6. Beushausen, H.; Höhlig, B.; and Talotti, M., “The Influence of Substrate Moisture Preparation on Bond Strength of Concrete Overlays and the Microstructure of the OTZ,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 92, 2017, pp. 84-91. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.11.017
7. Diab, A. M.; Abd Elmoaty, A. E. M.; and Tag Eldin, M. R., “Slant Shear Bond Strength between Self Compacting Concrete and Old Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 130, 2017, pp. 73-82. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.023
8. Júlio, E. N. B. S.; Branco, F. A. B.; and Silva, V. D., “Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Strength. Influence of the Roughness of the Substrate Surface,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 18, No. 9, 2004, pp. 675-681. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2004.04.023
9. Santos, P. M. D.; Júlio, E. N. B. S.; and Silva, V. D., “Correlation between Concrete-to-Concrete Bond Strength and the Roughness of the Substrate Surface,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 21, No. 8, 2007, pp. 1688-1695. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.044
10. Li, Z., and Rangaraju, P. R., “Effect of Surface Roughness on the Bond between Ultrahigh-Performance and Precast Concrete in Bridge Deck Connections,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2577, No. 1, 2016, pp. 88-96. doi: 10.3141/2577-11
11. Gadri, K., and Guettala, A., “Evaluation of Bond Strength between Sand Concrete as New Repair Material and Ordinary Concrete Substrate (The Surface Roughness Effect),” Construction and Building Materials, V. 157, 2017, pp. 1133-1144. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.183
12. Maerz, N. H., and Franklin, J. A., “Joint Roughness Measurement Using Shadow Profilometry,” International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geometrics Abstracts, V. 27, No. 5, Oct. 1990, pp. 329-343.
13. Abu-Tair, A. I.; Lavery, D.; Nadjai, A.; Rigden, S. R.; and Ahmed, T. M. A., “New Method for Evaluating the Surface Roughness of Concrete Cut for Repair or Strengthening,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 14, No. 3, 2000, pp. 171-176. doi: 10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00016-7
14. Norbert H., and Maerz, M. L. “Measurement of Flat and Elongation of Coarse Aggregate Using Digital Image Processing,” No. 01, 2001, pp. 1-14.
15. Issa, M. A.; Issa, M. A.; Islam, M. S.; and Chudnovsky, A., “Fractal Dimension—A Measure of Fracture Roughness and Toughness of Concrete,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, V. 70, No. 1, 2003, pp. 125-137. doi: 10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00019-X
16. Garbacz, A.; Górka, M.; and Courard, L., “Effect of Concrete Surface Treatment on Adhesion in Repair Systems,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 1, 2005, pp. 49-60. doi: 10.1680/macr.2005.57.1.49
17. Santos, P. M. D., and Júlio, E. N. B. S., “Development of a Laser Roughness Analyser to Predict In Situ the Bond Strength of Concrete-to-Concrete Interfaces,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 60, No. 5, 2008, pp. 329-337. doi: 10.1680/macr.2007.00024
18. dos Santos, P. D., “Assessment of the Shear Strength Between Concrete Layers,” Tesse de Doutorado, Coimbra, Portugal, 2009.
19. Valikhani, A.; Jahromi, A. J.; Mantawy, I. M.; and Azizinamini, A., “Experimental Evaluation of Concrete-to-UHPC Bond Strength with Correlation to Surface Roughness for Repair Application,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 238, 2020, pp. 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117753
20. Carbonell Muñoz, M. A.; Harris, D. K.; Ahlborn, T. M.; and Froster, D. C., “Bond Performance between Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete and Normal-Strength Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 26, No. 8, 2014, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000890
21. Farzad, M.; Shafieifar, M.; and Azizinamini, A., “Experimental and Numerical Study on Bond Strength between Conventional Concrete and Ultra High-Performance Concrete (UHPC),” Engineering Structures, V. 186, February 2019, pp. 297-05. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.02.030
22. Semendary, A. A., and Svecova, D., “Factors Affecting Bond between Precast Concrete and Cast in Place Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC),” Engineering Structures, V. 216, Aug. 2019, 2020, p. 1-15.
23. Ganesh, P., and Ramachandra Murthy, A., “Simulation of Surface Preparations to Predict the Bond Behaviour between Normal Strength Concrete and Ultra-High Performance Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 250, 2020, pp. 2-14. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118871
24. Zhang, X.; Zhang, S.; Luo, Y.; and Wang, L., “Effects of Interface Orientations on Bond Strength between Old Conventional Concrete and New Self-Consolidating Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 5, Sept. 2020, pp. 191-01.
25. Shaw, D. M., and Sneed, L. H., “Interface Shear Transfer of Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes Cast at Different Times,” PCI Journal, V. 59, No. 3, 2014, pp. 130-144. doi: 10.15554/pcij.06012014.130.144
26. Sneed, L. H.; Krc, K.; and Wermager, S., “Interface Shear Transfer of Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes with Different Lightweight Aggregates,” PCI Journal, Mar.-Apr. 2016, pp. 38-55.
27. Tayeh, B. A.; Abu Bakar, B. H.; Megat Johari, M. A.; and Voo, Y. L., “Evaluation of Bond Strength between Normal Concrete Substrate and Ultra High Performance Fiber Concrete as a Repair Material,” Procedia Engineering, V. 54, 2013, pp. 554-563.
28. Saldanha, R.; Júlio, E.; Dias-Da-Costa, D.; and Santos, P., “A Modified Slant Shear Test Designed to Enforce Adhesive Failure,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 41, 2013, pp. 673-680. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.053
29. Simon, A.; Peter, R.; and Youguang, P., “Tensile Bond Testing of Concrete Repairs,” Materials and Structures, V. 29, No. 28, 1999, pp. 249-259.
30. Espeche, A. D., and León, J., “Estimation of Bond Strength Envelopes for Old-to-New Concrete Interfaces Based on a Cylinder Splitting Test,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 3, 2011, pp. 1222-1235. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.09.032
31. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “Cimento Portland de alta resistência inicial,” 2018, 16 pp.
32. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “NBR NM 45: Agregados – Determinação da massa unitária e do volume de vazios,” 2006, 18 pp.
33. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “Fine Aggregate—Determination of the Bulk Specific Gravity and Apparent Specific Gravity (NBR: 52: 2009),” Brazil, 2009.
34. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “Agregado graúdo—Determinação de massa específica, massa específica aparente e absorção de água (NBR NM 53), 2009.
35. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “NBR 6474/2001 NM 23 CIMENTO PORTLAND Determinação da Massa Específica,” 2001.
36. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “Steel for the Reinforcement of Concrete Structures—Specification (NBR 7480:2007),” second edition, Rio de Janeiro, Brazilian Association of Technical Standards, 2007, 13 pp.
37. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT), “Projeto e execução de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado (NBR 9062),” 2017, pp. 86.
38. dos Santos, P. M. D., “Influência da Rugosidade da Superficie da Intereface Betão/Betão na sua Resiatencia ao Corte Longitudinal,” Coimbra, 2005.
39. ASTM C1583/C1583M-13, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Concrete Surfaces and the Bond Strength or Tensile Strength of Concrete Repair and Overlay Materials by Direct Tension (Pull-off Method),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013.
40. Zanotti, C., and Randl, N., “Are Concrete-Concrete Bond Tests Comparable?” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 99, Feb. 2019, pp. 80-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.012
41. Zanotti, C., and Randl, N., “Are Concrete-Concrete Bond Tests Comparable?” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 99, Feb. 2019, pp. 80-88. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2019.02.012
42. Eurocode 2, EN 1992-1-1 “Design of Concrete Structures: Part 1–1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings,” 2010.
43. fib, “Model Code for Concrete Structures,” International Federation for Structural Concrete,” Lausanne, Switzerland, 2010.
44. Santos, P. M. D., and Júlio, E. N. B. S., “A State-of-the-Art Review on Shear-Friction,” Engineering Structures, V. 45, No. 1, 2012, pp. 435-448. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.06.036
45. Mohamad, M. E.; Ibrahim, I. S.; Abdullah, R.; Abd. Rahman, A. B.; Kueh, A. B. H.; and Usman, J., “Friction and Cohesion Coefficients of Composite Concrete-to-Concrete Bond,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 56, 2015, pp. 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.10.003
46. Harris, D. K.; Sarkar, J.; and Ahlborn, T. T. M., “Characterization of Interface Bond of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Bridge Deck Overlays,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2240, No. 1, 2011, pp. 40-49. doi: 10.3141/2240-07
47. Zhang, Y.; Zhu, P.; Liao, Z.; and Wang, L., “Interfacial Bond Properties between Normal Strength Concrete Substrate and Ultra-High Performance Concrete as a Repair Material,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 235, 2020, pp. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117431