Title:
Assessment of Confinement Models and Minimum Volumetric Ratio for Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Concrete Circular Columns
Author(s):
Abdeldayem Hadhood, Hamdy M. Mohamed, Amir Fam, and Brahim Benmokrane
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
6
Appears on pages(s):
305-317
Keywords:
circular; confinement; design; glass fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced concrete (GFRP-RC) column; guidelines; model; spiral
DOI:
10.14359/51732995
Date:
11/1/2021
Abstract:
The design provisions of reinforced concrete (RC) circular columns in ACI 318 are based on the work done by ACI Committee 105 in 1933 for steel spiral reinforcement. The provisions for volumetric reinforcement ratio and spacing were intended to ensure sufficient confinement after spalling of the concrete cover. This paper presents the development of similar provisions for columns reinforced with glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) reinforcing bar and spirals that could be adopted in the upcoming version of the ACI 440.1R design guide. A comprehensive database of 56 experiments on concentrically loaded circular columns reinforced with GFRP was assembled from 12 studies with a wider range of parameters. The analysis carried out focused on the confined concrete strength and considered the softening response of the concrete cover, which was presumably omitted in the reported data. An assessment of the available confinement models was made. These models were mostly calibrated with a limited number of specimens. A simpler design-oriented confinement model was developed and accurately predicted the confined strength of the database columns. Additionally, the minimum volumetric ratio of steel spirals in ACI 318 was reviewed and modified for applicability to columns spirally reinforced with FRP.
Related References:
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ACI Committee 440, 2015, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-15),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 88 pp.
ACI Committee 440, 2017, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2R-17),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 112 pp.
Afifi, M.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2013, “Axial Capacity of Circular Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 18, No. 1, p. 04013017. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000438
Afifi, M. Z.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2015, “Theoretical Stress–Strain Model for Circular Concrete Columns Confined by GFRP Spirals and Hoops,” Engineering Structures, V. 102, Nov., pp. 202-213.
AlAjarmeh, O. S.; Manalo, A. C.; Benmokrane, B.; Karunasena, W.; Ferdous, W.; and Mendis, P., 2020, “A New Design-Oriented Model of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Reinforced Hollow Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 2, Mar., pp. 141-156.
AlAjarmeh, O. S.; Manalo, A. C.; Benmokrane, B.; Karunasena, W.; Mendis, P.; and Nguyen, K. T. Q., 2019, “Compressive Behavior of Axially Loaded Circular Hollow Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 194, pp. 12-23. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.016
ASTM D7205/D7205M-11, 2011, “Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C39/C39M-17, 2017, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
Bruun, E., 2014, “GFRP Bars in Structural Design: Determining the Compressive Strength versus Unbraced Length Interaction Curve,” Journal of Student Science and Technology, V. 7, No. 1, pp. 22-29. doi: 10.13034/cysj-2014-003
CAN/CSAS806-12, 2012, “Design and Construction of Building Components with Fiber Reinforced Polymers,” Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Rexdale, ON, Canada.
CAN/CSAS6-19, 2019, “Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code,” Canadian Standards Association (CSA), Rexdale, ON, Canada.
Deitz, D. H.; Harik, I. E.; and Gesund, H., 2003, “Physical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Rebars in Compression,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 7, No. 4, pp. 363-366. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2003)7:4(363)
El-Gamal, S., and AlShareedah, O., 2020, “Behavior of Axially Loaded Low Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals,” Engineering Structures, V. 216, p. 110732. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2020.110732
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017a, “Experimental Study of Circular High-Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals under Concentric and Eccentric Loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 21, No. 2, p. 04016078. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000734
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017b, “Failure Envelope of Circular Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Spirals,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1417-1428. doi: 10.14359/51689498
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017c, “Efficiency of Glass-Fiber Reinforced-Polymer (GFRP) Discrete Hoops and Bars in Concrete Columns under Combined Axial and Flexural Loads,” Journal of Composite: Part B, Elsevier, V. 114, pp. 223-236. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.01.063
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017d, “Axial Load-Moment Interaction Diagram of Circular Concrete Columns Reinforced with CFRP Bars and Spirals: Experimental and Theoretical Investigations,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 21, No. 2, p. 04016092. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000748
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2017e, “Strength of Circular HSC Columns Reinforced Internally with Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars under Axial and Eccentric Loads,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 141, pp. 366-378. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.117
Hadhood, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; Benmokrane, B.; Nanni, A.; and Shield, C. K., 2019, “Assessment of Design Guidelines of Concrete Columns Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 116, No. 4, July, pp. 193-207. doi: 10.14359/51715663
Hadi, M. N.; Hasan, H. A.; and Sheikh, M. N., 2017, “Experimental Investigation of Circular High-Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Bars and Helices under Different Loading Conditions,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 21, No. 4, p. 04017005. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000784
Hales, T. A.; Pantelides, C. P.; Sankholkar, P.; and Reaveley, L. D., 2017, “Analysis-Oriented Stress-Strain Model for Concrete Confined with Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Spirals,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 1263-1272. doi: 10.14359/51689788
Hasan, H. A.; Sheikh, M. N.; and Hadi, M. N., 2017, “Performance Evaluation of High Strength Concrete and Steel Fibre High Strength Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Helices,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 134, pp. 297-310. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.124
Hognestad, E., 1952, “A Study of Combined Bending and Axial Force in Reinforced Concrete Specimens,” PhD dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
Karim, H.; Sheikh, M. N.; and Hadi, M. N., 2014, “Confinement of Circular Concrete Columns: A Review,” Proceedings of the 1st International Engineering Conference, Developments in Civil & Computer Engineering Applications (IEC2014), Ishik University, Erbil, KRG, Iraq, pp. 28-36.
Karim, H.; Sheikh, M. N.; and Hadi, M. N., 2016, “Axial Load-Axial Deformation Behaviour of Circular Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Bars and Helices,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 112, pp. 1147-1157. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.219
Kent, D. C., and Park, R., 1971, “Flexural Members with Confined Concrete,” Journal of the Structural Division, V. 97, No. 7, pp. 1969-1990. doi: 10.1061/JSDEAG.0002957
Légeron, F., 1998, “Seismic Behavior of Structures Made with Normal and High-Performance Concrete,” PhD thesis, University of Sherbrooke and École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada, and Paris, France, 261 pp. (in French)
Logeman, R. T.; Wheeler, W. H.; Mensch, L. J.; and Di Stasio, J., 1933, “Discussion of Report of Committee 105: ‘Reinforced Concrete Column Investigation’—Tentative Final Report of Committee 105 and Minority Recommendations for Design Formulas of Reinforced Concrete Columns,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 30, Sept., p. 78.
Mander, J. B.; Priestley, M. J.; and Park, R., 1988, “Theoretical Stress-Strain Model for Confined Concrete,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 114, No. 8, pp. 1804-1826. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1988)114:8(1804)
Maranan, G. B.; Manalo, A. C.; Benmokrane, B.; Karunasena, W.; and Mendis, P., 2016, “Behavior of Concentrically Loaded Geopolymer-Concrete Circular Columns Reinforced Longitudinally and Transversely with GFRP Bars,” Engineering Structures, V. 117, pp. 422-436. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.03.036
Mohamed, H. M.; Afifi, M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2014, “Performance Evaluation of Concrete Columns Reinforced Longitudinally with FRP Bars and Confined with FRP Hoops and Spirals under Axial Load,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 19, No. 7, p. 04014020. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000590
Pantelides, C. P.; Gibbons, M. E.; and Reaveley, L. D., 2013, “Axial Load Behavior of Concrete Columns Confined with GFRP Spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 17, No. 3, pp. 305-313. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000357
Popovics, S., 1973, “A Numerical Approach to the Complete Stress-Strain Curve of Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 3, No. 5, pp. 583-599. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(73)90096-3
Pultrall, Composite Reinforcing Rods Technical Data Sheet, Thetford Mines, QC, Canada, 2012.
Richart, F. E., 1933, “Reinforced Concrete Column Investigation,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 29, No. 5, Feb., pp. 275-284.
Richart, F. E.; Brandtzæg, A.; and Brown, R. L., 1928, “A Study of the Failure of Concrete under Combined Compressive Stresses,” University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, College of Engineering. Engineering Experiment Station, Urbana, IL.
Sankholkar, P. P.; Pantelides, C. P.; and Hales, T. A., 2018, “Confinement Model for Concrete Columns Reinforced with GFRP Spirals,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 22, No. 3, p. 04018007. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000843
Tabatabaei, A., 2019, “Compression Lap Splices of GFRP Bars in Reinforced Concrete Columns,” doctoral dissertation, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
Tabatabaei, A.; Eslami, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2018, “Strength of Compression Lap-Spliced GFRP Bars in Concrete Columns with Different Splice Lengths,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 182, pp. 657-669. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.154
Tabatabaei, A.; Eslami, A.; Mohamed, H. M.; and Benmokrane, B., 2019, “Compression Splices of GFRP Bars in Unconfined and Confined Concrete Columns,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 23, No. 6, p. 04019046. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000974
Thorenfeldt, E., 1987, “Mechanical Properties of High-Strength Concrete and Applications in Design,” Symposium Proceedings, Utilization of High-Strength Concrete, Norway, 1987.