Title:
Influence of High-Strength Reinforcing Bars on Seismic Safety of Concrete Frames
Author(s):
Kuanshi Zhong, Wassim M. Ghannoum, and Gregory G. Deierlein
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
299-311
Keywords:
collapse safety; concrete special moment frame; high-strength reinforcing bar; reinforcement fatigue and fracture; seismic design
DOI:
10.14359/51732865
Date:
9/1/2021
Abstract:
High-strength longitudinal reinforcement can benefit the constructability and economy of concrete structures but concerns regarding the ductility and fatigue resistance have delayed its applications for seismic design. To evaluate the influence of reinforcement fracture on building seismic safety, a new damage model is developed using available data from reinforcement and member tests, and is employed with nonlinear dynamic analyses to assess and compare the seismic performance of concrete special moment frames with Grade 80 and 100 bars to frames with Grade 60 bars. The bar fracture and structural collapse risks are shown to depend on the bar yield strength, tensile-to-yield strength ratio (T/Y), and bar slenderness (s/db) between lateral ties. Frames with Grade 80 and 100 bars (T/Y ≥ 1.2; s/db ≤ 5) have comparable performance to frames with Grade 60 bars, where bar fracture probabilities are less than approximately 10% in frames (with maximum story drift ratios up to 0.04).
Related References:
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
ASCE/SEI 7-16, 2017, “Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 800 pp.
Berry, M.; Parrish, M.; and Eberhard, M., 2004, “PEER Structural Performance Database User’s Manual (Version 1.0),” University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 43 pp.
Brown, J., and Kunnath, S. K., 2000, “Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Longitudinal Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns,” Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 108 pp.
Coffin, L. F. Jr., 1954, “A Study of the Effects of Cyclic Thermal Stresses on a Ductile Metal,” Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, V. 76, New York, pp. 931-950.
Downing, S. D., and Socie, D. F., 1982, “Simple Rainflow Counting Algorithms,” International Journal of Fatigue, V. 4, No. 1, Jan., pp. 31-40. doi: 10.1016/0142-1123(82)90018-4
FEMA P695, 2009, “Quantification of Building Seismic Performance Factors,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 421 pp.
Ghannoum, W. M., and Slavin, C. M., 2016, “Low-Cycle Fatigue Performance of High-Strength Steel Reinforcing Bars,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 113, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 803-814. doi: 10.14359/51689116
Haselton, C. B.; Liel, A. B.; Dean, B. S.; Chou, J. H.; and Deirlein, G. G., 2007, “Seismic Collapse Safety and Behavior of Modern Reinforced Concrete Moment Frame Buildings,” Proceedings, Structural Engineering Research Frontiers, Long Beach, CA, pp. 1-14.
Haselton, C. B.; Liel, A. B.; Taylor-Lange, S. C.; and Deierlein, G. G., 2016, “Calibration of Model to Simulate Response of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Columns to Collapse,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 113, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 1141-1152. doi: 10.14359/51689245
Huq, M. S.; Weber-Kamin, A. S.; Ameen, S.; Lequesne, R. D.; and Lepage, A., 2017, “High-Strength Steel Bars in Reinforced Concrete Walls: Influence of Steel Mechanical Properties on Deformation Capacity,” Charles Pankow Foundation Research Grant No. 06-14, University of Kansas Center for Research, Inc., Lawrence, KS, 129 pp.
Ibarra, L. F.; Medina, R. A.; and Krawinkler, H., 2005, “Hysteretic Models that Incorporate Strength and Stiffness Deterioration,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 34, No. 12, pp. 1489-1511. doi: 10.1002/eqe.495
Mander, J. B.; Panthaki, F. D.; and Kasalanati, A., 1994, “Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Reinforcing Steel,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 6, No. 4, Nov., pp. 453-468. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1994)6:4(453)
Manson, S. S., 1965, “Fatigue—A Complex Subject—Some Simple Approximations (NASA-TM-X-52084),” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH, 107 pp.
Mazzoni, S.; McKenna, F.; Scott, M. H.; Fenves, G. L., 2006, “OpenSees Command Language Manual,” Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center, July, 465 pp.
Miner, M. A., 1945, “Cumulative Damage in Fatigue,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, V. 12, No. 3, Sept., pp. A159-A164. doi: 10.1115/1.4009458
Pugh, J. S.; Lowes, L. N.; and Lehman, D. E., 2015, “Nonlinear Line-Element Modeling of Flexural Reinforced Concrete Walls,” Engineering Structures, V. 104, Dec., pp. 174-192. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.08.037
Smith, R. W.; Hirschberg, M. H.; and Manson, S. S., 1963, “Fatigue Behavior of Materials under Strain Cycling in Low and Intermediate Life Range,” National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field, Cleveland, OH, 57 pp.
Sokoli, D.; Limantono, A.; and Ghannoum, W. M., 2017, “Defining Structurally Acceptable Properties of High-Strength Steel Bars through Material and Column Testing—Part II: Column Testing Report,” Charles Pankow Foundation Research Grant No. 05-14, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 214 pp.
Sokoli, D.; Limantono, A.; and Ghannoum, W. M., 2020, “Special Moment Frames with High-Strength Reinforcement—Part 2: Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 2, Mar., pp. 253-265. doi: 10.14359/51721319
To, D. V., and Moehle, J. P., 2017, “Seismic Performance Characterization of Beams with High-Strength Reinforcement,” Charles Pankow Foundation Research Grant No. 04-14, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 140 pp.
To, D. V., and Moehle, J. P., 2020, “Special Moment Frames with High-Strength Reinforcement—Part 1: Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 117, No. 2, Mar., pp. 239-252.
Vamvatsikos, D., and Cornell, C. A., 2002, “Incremental Dynamic Analysis,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 31, No. 3, Mar., pp. 491-514. doi: 10.1002/eqe.141
Zhao, J., and Sritharan, S., 2007, “Modeling of Strain Penetration Effects in Fiber-Based Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 133-141.
Zhong, K., and Deierlein, G. G., 2019, “Low-Cycle Fatigue Effects on the Seismic Performance of Concrete Frame and Wall Systems with High Strength Reinforcing Steel,” Charles Pankow Foundation Research Grant No. 02-16, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 175 pp.