Title:
Steel Corrosion in Calcium Aluminate Cement Mortar against Chloride
Author(s):
Ki Yong Ann, Hee Jun Yang, Hansol Kim, Jiseok Kim, Won Jung Cho, and Ho Seop Jung
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
31-39
Keywords:
binding; buffering; calcium aluminate cement; chloride; corrosion; transport
DOI:
10.14359/51728279
Date:
1/1/2021
Abstract:
Three different types of calcium aluminate cement (CAC) were investigated about their resistance to chloride-induced corrosion of steel. CAC imposed higher corrosion resistance compared with ordinary portland cement (OPC). The corrosion current density in CAC was nearly indicative of the passivity, ranging below 1.0 mA/m2 (6.45 × 10–4 mA/in.2) during the entire duration of monitoring. Some rust was slightly formed on the steel surface in a CAC mixture in the visual examination, while the steel reinforcing bars in OPC were severely corroded along the entire surface, with a
corrosion current density up to 56.3 mA/m2 (3.63 × 10–2 mA/in.2).
Additionally, chloride transport was delayed in CAC by a reduction in the surface chloride, accounting for 1.34 to 1.84% by weight of the binder. The chloride binding capacity of CAC was lower but buffering against a pH fall was higher to keep bound chlorides unreactive in the CAC matrix to enhance the corrosion resistance.
Related References:
1. Ann, K. Y., and Cho, C. G., “Corrosion Resistance of Calcium Aluminate Cement Concrete Exposed to a Chloride Environment,” Materials (Basel), V. 7, No. 2, 2014, pp. 887-898. doi: 10.3390/ma7020887
2. Andión, L. G.; Garcés, P.; Cases, F.; Andreu, C. G.; and Vazquez, J. L., “Metallic Corrosion of Steels Embedded in Calcium Aluminate Cement Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 9, 2001, pp. 1263-1269. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00572-5
3. Scrivener, K. L., and Capmas, A., “Calcium Aluminate Cements,” Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, V. 58, Chapter 13, Elsevier, Cambridge, MA, 2004, 1066 pp.
4. Neville, A., “History of High-Alumina Cement. Part 1: Problems and the Stone Report,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Engineering History and Heritage, V. 162, No. 2, 2009, pp. 81-91. doi: 10.1680/ehh.2009.162.2.81
5. Bushnell-Watson, S. M., and Sharp, J. H., “The Application of Thermal Analysis to the Hydration and Conversion Reactions of Calcium Aluminate Cements,” Materiales de Construcción, V. 42, No. 228, 1992, pp. 13-32. doi: 10.3989/mc.1992.v42.i228.694
6. Scrivener, K. L., “2—Calcium Aluminate Cements,” Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 3, Sept. 2003, pp. 1-31.
7. Arya, C.; Buenfeld, N. R.; and Newman, J. B., “Assessment of Simple Methods of Determining the Free Chloride Ion Content of Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 17, No. 6, 1987, pp. 907-918. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(87)90079-2
8. Goni, S.; Gaztanaga, M. T.; Sagrera, J. L.; and Hernandez, M. S., “The Influence of NaCl on the Reactivity of High Alumina Cement in Water: Pore-Solution and Solid Phase Characterization,” Journal of Materials Research, V. 9, No. 6, 1994, pp. 1533-1539. doi: 10.1557/JMR.1994.1533
9. Ann, K. Y.; Kim, T. S.; Kim, J. H.; and Kim, S. H., “The Resistance of High Alumina Cement against Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, No. 8, 2010, pp. 1502-1510. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.022
10. Buenfeld, N. R.; Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; and Viles, R. F., “Process for the Protection of Reinforcement in Reinforced Concrete,” US Patent No. 6,685,822, Feb. 3, 2004.
11. Jin, S. H.; Yang, H. J.; Hwang, J. P.; and Ann, K. Y., “Corrosion Behaviour of Steel in CAC-Mixed Concrete Containing Different Concentrations of Chloride,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 110, May 2016, pp. 227-234. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.02.032
12. Fu, Y.; Ding, J.; and Beaudoin, J. J., “Corrosion Protection of Reinforcement in Modified High-Alumina Cement Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 93, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1996, pp. 609-612.
13. Andión, L. G.; Garcés, P.; Garcia-Alcocel, E.; and Cases, F., “Steel Corrosion and Durability of Calcium Aluminate Cement-Reinforced Mortars,” Corrosion, V. 61, No. 10, 2005, pp. 1004-1010. doi: 10.5006/1.3280891
14. Goni, S., and Guerrero, A., “Accelerated Carbonation of Friedel’s Salt in Calcium Aluminate Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 1, 2003, pp. 21-26. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00910-9
15. Dunster, A. M.; Bigland, D. J.; and Holton, I. R., “Rates of Carbonation and Reinforcement Corrosion in High Alumina Cement Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 52, No. 6, 2000, pp. 433-441. doi: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.6.433
16. Revie, R. W., Uhlig’s Corrosion Handbook, third edition, V. 51, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2011.
17. Gonzalez, J. A., and Andrade, C., “Effect of Carbonation, Chlorides and Relative Ambient Humidity on the Corrosion of Galvanized Rebars Embedded in Concrete,” British Corrosion Journal, V. 17, No. 1, 1982, pp. 21-28. doi: 10.1179/000705982798274589
18. Glass, G. K., and Buenfeld, N. R., “The Influence of Chloride Binding on the Chloride Induced Corrosion Risk in Reinforced Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 2, 2000, pp. 329-344. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00083-9
19. Song, H. W.; Jung, M. S.; Lee, C. H.; Kim, S. H.; and Ann, K. Y., “Influence of Chemistry of Chloride Ions in Cement Matrix on Corrosion of Steel,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 107, No. 4, July-Aug. 2010, pp. 332-339.
20. Andrade, C., and Alonso, C., “Test Methods for On-Site Corrosion Rate Measurement of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete by Means of the Polarization Resistance Method,” Materials and Structures, V. 37, Nov, 2004, pp. 623-643. doi: 10.1007/BF02483292
21. Goñi, S.; Andrade, C.; and Page, C. L., “Corrosion Behavior of Steel in High Alumina Cement Mortar Samples: Effect of Chloride,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 21, No. 4, 1991, pp. 635-646. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(91)90114-W
22. Zhang, J.; Bian, F.; Zhang, Y.; Fang, Z.; Fu, C.; and Guo, J., “Effect of Pore Structures on Gas Permeability and Chloride Diffusivity of Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 163, Feb. 2018, pp. 402-413. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.111
23. Yang, C. C.; Cho, S. W.; and Wang, L. C., “The Relationship between Pore Structure and Chloride Diffusivity from Ponding Test in Cement-Based Materials,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, V. 100, No. 2-3, 2006, pp. 203-210. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2005.12.032
24. Guillem, “A Test Method for Measuring Chloride Diffusion Coefficients through Partially Saturated Concrete. Part II: The Instantaneous Plane Source Diffusion Case with Chloride Binding Consideration,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 5, 2007, pp. 714-724. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.008
25. Reddy, B.; Glass, G. K.; Lim, P. J.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “On the Corrosion Risk Presented by Chloride Bound in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 24, No. 1, 2002, pp. 1-5. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00021-X
26. Saremi, M., and Mahallati, E., “A Study on Chloride-Induced Depassivation of Mild Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 12, 2002, pp. 1915-1921. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00895-5
27. Dong, Z. H.; Shi, W.; and Guo, X. P., “Initiation and Repassivation of Pitting Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Carbonated Concrete Pore Solution,” Corrosion Science, V. 53, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1322-1330. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2010.12.028
28. Glass, G. K., and Buenfeld, N. R., “Chloride‐Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, V. 2, No. 4, 2000, pp. 448-458. doi: 10.1002/pse.54
29. Glass, G. K., and Buenfeld, N. R., “Differential Acid Neutralisation Analysis,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 10, 1999, pp. 1681-1684. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00127-1
30. Birnin-Yauri, U. A., and Glasser, F. P., “Friedel’s Salt, Ca2Al(OH)6
(Cl,OH)·2H2O: Its Solid Solutions and Their Role in Chloride Binding,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 28, No. 12, 1998, pp. 1713-1723. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00162-8
31. Pöllmann, H.; Wenda, R.; Fylak, M.; and Göske, J., “Cryo-SEM-FEG Investigations on Calcium Aluminate Cements,” Proceedings, International Symposium on Calcium Aluminates Cements, Avignon, France, 2008.
32. Ann, K. Y., and Song, H. W., “Chloride Threshold Level for Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 49, No. 11, 2007, pp. 4113-4133. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2007.05.007
33. Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “The Participation of Bound Chloride in Passive Film Breakdown on Steel in Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 11, 2000, pp. 2013-2021. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00040-8
34. Sergi, G., and Glass, G. K., “A Method of Ranking the Aggressive Nature of Chloride Contaminated Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 12, 2000, pp. 2043-2049. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00050-0
35. Glass, G. K.; Reddy, B.; and Buenfeld, N. R., “Corrosion Inhibition in Concrete Arising from Its Acid Neutralisation Capacity,” Corrosion Science, V. 42, No. 9, 2000, pp. 1587-1598. doi: 10.1016/S0010-938X(00)00008-1
36. Neville, A., Concrete: Neville’s Insights and Issues, Thomas Telford, London, UK, 2006, 314 pp.
37. Sanjuán, M. A., “Overview on Electrochemical Parameters to Assess the Corrosion State of Steel Reinforcement in CAC Mortar and Concrete,” Journal of Materials Science, V. 35, Jan. 2000, pp. 105-108. doi: 10.1023/A:1004748801193
38. Argiz, C.; Sanjuán, M. Á.; Borges, P. C.; and Álvarez, E., “Modeling of Corrosion Rate and Resistivity of Steel Reinforcement of Calcium Aluminate Cement Mortar,” Advances in Civil Engineering, V. 2018, Mar, 2018, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2018/1096282
39. British Standards Institution, “Structural Use of Concrete—Part 1: Code of Practice for Design and Construction (BS 8110-85),” BSI, London, UK, 1985, 168 pp.
40. ACI Committee 222, “Protection of Metals in Concrete against Corrosion (ACI 222R-01),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2001, 41 pp.