Title:
A Summary of Factors Affecting Concrete Salt-Scaling Performance
Author(s):
Kamran Amini, Kristen Cetin, Halil Ceylan, and Peter C. Taylor
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
53-62
Keywords:
curing regimes; hardened properties; mixture components; multiple regression analysis; salt scaling
DOI:
10.14359/51724614
Date:
5/1/2020
Abstract:
This paper compiles results from three different laboratory studies and employs multivariate regression analyses to model the effect of mixture parameters and concrete hardened properties on saltscaling performance. The correlations between concrete hardened properties and mixture proportions were also studied. The modeled mixture parameters included water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm), slag cement, and air content. Concrete performance was evaluated through abrasion resistance, sorptivity, compressive strength, and salt scaling tests. According to the results obtained in this study, concrete scaling performance is affected, in the order of importance, by w/cm, slag-cement replacement, and air content. In addition, concrete hardened properties, especially abrasion resistance, were found useful in making reliable salt-scaling predictions. Based on the results derived from the regression analyses and the discussions provided in the reviewed literature, recommendations are given for proportioning of concrete to obtain adequate performance with respect to compressive strength, abrasion resistance, sorptivity, and salt-scaling resistance. In addition, the relationship between concrete properties, ingredients, and effective mechanisms are investigated.
Related References:
1. Giergiczny, Z., and Glinicki, M., “Air Void System and Frost-Salt Scaling of Concrete Containing Slag-Blended Cement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 6, 2009, pp. 2451-2456.
2. Hasholt, M., “Salt Frost Scaling-Interaction of Transport Mechanisms and Ice Formation in Concrete,” Danish Technological Institute, 2002.
3. Sellevold, E., and Farstad, T., “Frost/Salt-Testing of Concrete: Effect of Test Parameters and Concrete Moisture History,” Nordic Concrete Research, V. 1, 1991, pp. 121-138.
4. Şahin, R.; Taşdemir, M.; Gül, R.; and Çelik, C., “Determination of the Optimum Conditions for De-icing Salt Scaling Resistance of Concrete by Visual Examination and Surface Scaling,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, No. 3, 2010, pp. 353-360.
5. Thaulow, N., and Sahu, S., “Mechanism of Concrete Deterioration due to Salt Crystallization,” Materials Characterization, 2004, pp. 123-127.
6. Valenza, J., and Scherer, G., “Mechanism for Salt Scaling of a Cementitious Surface,” Materials and Structures, V. 40, No. 3, 2007, pp. 259-268.
7. Hooton, R.D., Vassilev, D., “Deicer Scaling Resistance of Concrete Mixtures Containing Slag Cement Phase 2: Evaluation of Different Laboratory Scaling Test Methods,” Research Centre on Concrete Infrastructures, 2012.
8. Hooton, R. D., Taylor, P., “Deicer Scaling Resistance of Concrete Pavements, Bridge Decks, and Other Structures Containing Slag Cement: Phase 2: Evaluation of Different Laboratory Scaling Test Methods,” Research Centre on Concrete Infrastructures, 2012.
9. Farnam, Y.; Dick, S.; Wiese, A.; Davis, J.; Bentz, D.; and Weiss, J., “The Influence of Calcium Chloride Deicing Salt on Phase Changes and Damage Development in Cementitious Materials,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 64, 2015, pp. 1-15.
10. Taylor, P.; Morrison, W.; and Jennings, V., “The Effect of Finishing Practices on Performance of Concrete Containing Slag and Fly Ash as Measured by ASTM C 672 Resistance to Deicer Scaling Tests,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 26, No. 2, 2004, pp. 155-159.
11. Wu, Z.; Shi, C.; Gao, P.; Wang, D.; and Cao, Z., “Effects of Deicing Salts on the Scaling Resistance of Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 27, 2014.
12. Amini, K.; Vosoughi, P.; Ceylan, H.; and Taylor, P., “Linking Air-Void System and Mechanical Properties to Salt-Scaling Resistance of Concrete Containing Slag Cement,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 104, No. 103364, 2019.
13. Gagné, R.; Houehanou, E.; Jolin, M.; and Escaffit, P., “Study of the Relationship between Scaling Resistance and Sorptivity of Concrete,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 38, No. 11, 2011, pp. 1238-1248.
14. Pigeon, M.; Talbot, C.; Marchand, J.; and Hornain, H., “Surface Microstructure and Scaling Resistance of Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 26, No. 10, 1996, pp. 1555-1566.
15. Ramezanianpour, A. A.; Jafari Nadooshan, M.; and Peydayesh, M., “Effect of New Composite Cement Containing Volcanic Ash and Limestone on Mechanical Properties and Salt Scaling Resistance of Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 25, No. 11, 2013, pp. 1587-1593.
16. Amini, K.; Ceylan, H.; and Taylor, P., “Effect of Finishing Practices on Surface Structure and Salt-Scaling Resistance of Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 104, No. 103345, 2019.
17. Amini, K.; Ceylan, H.; and Taylor, P., “Effect of Curing Regimes on Hardened Performance of Concrete Containing Slag Cement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 211, 2019, pp. 771-778.
18. Krzanowski, W. J., Principles of Multivariate Analysis: A User’s Perspective, Oxford University Press Inc., New York, NY, 2000.
19. Long, W. J.; Lemieux, G.; Hwang, S. D.; and Khayat, K. H., “Statistical Models to Predict Fresh and Hardened Properties of Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 45, No. 7, 2012, pp. 1035-1052.
20. Mehdipour, I.; Vahdani, M.; Amini, K.; and Shekarchi, M., “Linking Stability Characteristics to Material Performance of Self-Consolidating Concrete-Equivalent-Mortar Incorporating Fly Ash and Metakaolin,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 105, 2016, pp. 206-217.
21. Sheskin, D., Handbook of Parametric and Nonparametric Statistical Procedures, Chapman and Hall, London, UK, 2003.
22. Sakamoto, Y., and Ishiguro, M., “Akaike Information Criterion Statistics,” Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, V. 1, 1986.
23. Bhat, H. S., and Kumar, N., On the Derivation of the Bayesian Information Criterion, University of California, Merced, CA, 2010.
24. Hall, C., “Water Sorptivity of Mortars and Concretes: a Review,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 147, 1989, pp. 51-61.
25. Kang, Y.; Hansen, W.; and Borgnakke, C., “Effect of Air-Void System on Frost Expansion of Highway Concrete Exposed to Deicer Salt,” The International Journal of Pavement Engineering, V. 13, No. 3, 2012, pp. 259-266.
26. Valenza, J., and Scherer, G., “Mechanisms of Salt Scaling,” Materials and Structures, V. 38, No. 4, 2005, pp. 479-488.
27. Valenza, J., and Scherer, G., “A Review of Salt Scaling: I. Phenomenology,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 7, 2007, pp. 1007-1021.
28. Liu, Z., and Hansen, W., “A Hypothesis for Salt Frost Scaling in Cementitious Materials,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 13, No. 9, 2015, pp. 403-414.
29. Scherer, G. W., “Crystallization in Pores,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 8, 1999, pp. 1347-1358.
30. Greenlee, L.; Lawler, D.; and Freeman, B., “Reverse Osmosis Desalination: Water Sources, Technology, and Today’s Challenges,” Water Research, V. 43, No. 9, 2009, pp. 2317-2348.
31. Bensted, J., “Efflorescence-Prevention is Better than Cure,” Concrete (London), V. 30, No. 8, 2000, pp. 40-41.