Title:
Analysis of Pore Solution of Different Cements with and without Admixed Chlorides
Author(s):
Colin B. Van Niejenhuis, Ibrahim G. Ogunsanya, and Carolyn M. Hansson
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
21-28
Keywords:
blast furnace slag; cement paste; chloride; pore solution; silica fume
DOI:
10.14359/51724590
Date:
5/1/2020
Abstract:
The pore solution expressed from 28-day cement pastes was analyzed as part of a wider research program investigating the corrosion behavior of stainless-steel reinforcing bars in concrete, using inductively coupled plasma and ion chromatography techniques. The pastes were prepared with different water-cementitious materials (binder) ratios (w/cm), portland cement with and without supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and with admixed sodium chloride in the range typical of the threshold values for stainless steel reinforcement. The major anion and cation concentrations are given, showing the influence of admixed chloride on the amount of chloride retained in solution and of sulfate released into the pore solution. The results are discussed in terms of the initial compositions of the cementitious materials and their effect on chloride binding.
Related References:
1. Barneyback, R. Jr., and Diamond, S., “Expression and Analysis of Pore Fluids from Hardened Cement Pastes and Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 11, No. 2, 1981, pp. 279-285. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(81)90069-7
2. Scott, A., and Alexander, M. G., “Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials (Binder Type) on the Pore Solution Chemistry and the Corrosion of Steel in Alkaline Environments,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 89, 2016, pp. 45-55. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.08.007
3. Hidalgo, A.; Vera, G.; Climent, M. A.; Andrade, C.; and Alonso, C., “Measurements of Chloride Activity in Real Portland Cement Paste Pore Solution,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, V. 84, No. 12, 2001, pp. 3008-3012. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.2001.tb01128.x
4. Elsener, B.; Zimmermann, I.; and Bohni, H., “Non-Destructive Determination of the Free Chloride Content in Cement Based Materials,” Materials and Corrosion, V. 54, No. 6, 2003, pp. 440-446. doi: 10.1002/maco.200390095
5. Bertolini, L.; Bolzoni, F.; Pastore, T.; and Pedeferri, P., “Behaviour of Stainless Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution,” British Corrosion Journal, V. 31, No. 3, 1996, pp. 218-222. doi: 10.1179/bcj.1996.31.3.218
6. Bertolini, L., and Gastaldi, M., Corrosion Resistance of Austenitic and Low-Nickel Duplex Stainless Steel Bars, Eurocorr 2009, Nice, France, 2009.
7. Hurley, M. F., and Scully, J. R., “Threshold Chloride Concentrations of Selected Corrosion-Resistant Rebar Materials Compared to Carbon Steels,” Corrosion, V. 62, No. 10, 2006, pp. 892-904. doi: 10.5006/1.3279899
8. ASTM A955/A955M-10a, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement [Metric],” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, 11 pp.
9. McDonald, D. B., “Stainless Steel Reinforcing as Corrosion Protection,” Concrete International, V. 17, No. 5, May 1995, pp. 65-70.
10. Kouřil, M.; Novák, P.; and Bojko, M., “Threshold Chloride Concentration for Stainless Steels Activation in Concrete Pore Solutions,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 40, No. 3, 2010, pp. 431-436. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.11.005
11. Randström, S; Almen, M.; Pettersson, R.; and Adair, M., “Reproducibility of Critical Chloride Threshold Levels for Stainless Steel Reinforcement,” Structural Faults and Repair, Edinburgh, UK, 2010.
12. Marcotte, T. D., and Hansson, C. M., “Corrosion Products that Form on Steel within Cement Paste,” Materials and Structures, V. 40, No. 3, 2007, pp. 325-340. doi: 10.1617/s11527-006-9170-4
13. Hunt, M. J., and Hansson, C. M., “The Influence of Cations in Anti-Icing Brines on the Corrosion of Reinforing Steel in Synthetic Concret Pore Solution,” Corrosion, V. 71, No. 6, 2015, pp. 749-757. doi: 10.5006/1328
14. Tan, Z. Q., and Hansson, C. M., “Effect of Surface Condition on the Initial Corrosion of Galvanized Reinforcing Steel Embedded in Concrete,” Corrosion Science, V. 50, No. 9, 2008, pp. 2512-2522. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2008.06.035
15. Williamson, J., and Isgor, O. B., “The Effect of Simulated Concrete Pore Solution Composition and Chlorides on Electronic Properties of Passive Films on Carbon Steel Rebar,” Corrosion Science, V. 106, 2016, pp. 82-95. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.01.027
16. ASTM C1152/C1152M-04, “Standard Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, 4 pp.
17. ASTM C1218/C1218M99(2008), “Standard Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 3 pp.
18. Anders, K. A.; Bergsma, B. P.; and Hansson, C. M., “Chloride Concentration in the Pore Solution of Portland Cement Paste and Portland Cement Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 63, 2014, pp. 35-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.04.008
19. Byfors, K.; Hansson, C. M.; and Tritthart, J., “Pore Solution Expression as a Method to Determine the Influence of Mineral Additives on Chloride Binding,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 16, No. 5, 1986, pp. 760-770. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(86)90050-5
20. Vollpracht, A.; Lothenbach, B.; Snellings, R.; and Haufe, J., “The Pore Solution of Blended Cements: A Review,” Materials and Structures, V. 49, No. 8, 2016, pp. 3341-3367. doi: 10.1617/s11527-015-0724-1
21. Stanish, K., and Hooton, R. D., Testing the Chloride Penetration Resistance of Concrete: A Literature Review, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 1997, 31 pp.
22. Angst, U. M.; Geiker, M. R.; Michel, A.; Gehlen, C.; Wong, H.; Isgor, O. B.; Elsener, B.; Hansson, C. M.; François, R.; Hornbostel, K.; Polder, R.; Alonso, M. C.; Sanchez, M.; Correia, M. J.; Criado, M.; Sagüés, A.; and Buenfeld, N., “The Steel-Concrete Interface,” Materials and Structures, V. 50, No. 2, 2017, p. 143 doi: 10.1617/s11527-017-1010-1
23. Canadian Standards Association, Cementitious Materials Compendium, CSA Group, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2018.
24. Wagner, T.; Kulik, D. A.; Hingerl, F. F.; and Dmytrieva, S. V., “GEM-SELEKTOR Geochemical Modeling Package: TSolMod Library and Data Interface for Multicomponent Phase Models,” Canadian Mineralogist, V. 50, No. 5, 2012, pp. 1173-1195. doi: 10.3749/canmin.50.5.1173
25. Kulik, D. A, “GEM-Selektor Geochemical Modeling Package: Revised Algorithm and GEMS3K Numerical Kernel for Coupled Simulation Codes,” Computational Geosciences, V. 17, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-24.
26. Kurdowski, W., “The Protective Layer and Decalcification of C-S-H in the Mechanism of Chloride Corrosion of Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 34, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1555-1559. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.023
27. Delagrave, A.; Marchand, J.; Ollivier, J.-P.; Julien, S.; and Hazrati, K., “Chloride Binding Capacity of Various Hydrated Cement Paste Systems,” Advanced Cement Based Materials, V. 6, No. 1, 1997, pp. 28-35. doi: 10.1016/S1065-7355(97)90003-1
28. Collepardi, M.; Copploa, L; and Pistolesi, C., “Durability of Concrete Structures Exposed to CaCl 2 Based Deicing Salts,” Durability of Concrete—Proceedings of the Third CANMET-ACI International Conference, Nice, France, SP-145, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994.
29. Galan, I., and Glasser, F. P., “Chloride in Cement,” Advances in Cement Research, V. 27, No. 2, Feb. 2015, pp. 63-97.
30. Wong, H. S., and Buenfeld, N. R., “Determining the Water–Cement Ratio, Cement Content, Water Content and Degree of Hydration of Hardened Cement Paste: Method Development and Validation on Paste Samples,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 10, 2009, pp. 957-965. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.06.013
31. Suryavanshi, A. K.; Scantlebury, J. D.; and Lyon, S. B., “Mechanism of Friedel’s Salt Formation in Cements Rich in Tri-Calcium Aluminate,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 26, No. 5, 1996, pp. 717-727. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)85009-5
32. De Weerdt, K.; Colombo, A.; Coppola, L.; Justnes, H.; and Geiker, M. R., “Impact of the Associated Cation on Chloride Binding of Portland Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 68, 2015, pp. 196-202. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.01.027
33. Ogunsanya, I., and Hansson, C., “Detection of the Critical Chloride Threshold of Carbon Steel Rebar in Synthetic Concrete Pore Solutions,” RILEM Technical Letters, V. 3, No. 0, 2019, pp. 75-83. doi: 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2018.70
34. Ogunsanya, I., and Hansson, C., The Critical Chloride Concentration of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steel Reinforcing Bars, 2019.
35. Van Niejenhuis, C. B.; Bandura, T. W.; and Hansson, C. M., “Evaluation of the Proposed European Test Procedure for Ranking Stainless Steel Rebar,” Corrosion, V. 72, No. 6, 2016, pp. 834-842. doi: 10.5006/2000