Title:
Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Made with Belitic Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement at Early Ages
Author(s):
Gabriel W. Cook and Cameron D. Murray
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
117
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
167-174
Keywords:
belitic calcium sulfoaluminate cement (BCSA); flexural strength; high early strength
DOI:
10.14359/51719074
Date:
1/1/2020
Abstract:
Belitic calcium sulfoaluminate cement (BCSA) is a hydraulic, rapid-setting alternative to ordinary portland cement (OPC) with reduced energy demands and CO2 emissions. BCSA cement has numerous current and potential applications, including transportation repair and precast manufacturing. Currently, limited research exists regarding the structural performance of BCSA cement concrete, restricting its potential implementation. Thus, the purpose of this research is to provide insight into the flexural performance and behavior of reinforced BCSA concrete beams. Overall, BCSA concrete had similar cracking and loading behavior to the OPC beams, with increased moment capacity for compression-controlled specimens. Furthermore, BCSA cement concrete showed increased tensile strength and ductility when compared to OPC. Overall, the flexural strength of the BCSA cement concrete was higher than the control OPC concrete and the predicted flexural strength based on compressive strength, indicating the current flexural strength equations are applicable for BCSA reinforced concrete design.
Related References:
1. Bescher, E. P.; Stremfel, J.; Ramseyer, C.; and Rice, E. K., “The Role of Calcium Sulfoaluminate in Concrete Sustainability,” Twelfth International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete Technology and Sustainability Issues, Prague, Czech Republic, Oct. 2012.
2. Hicks, J. K.; Caldarone, M. A.; and Bescher, E., “Opportunities from Alternative Cementitious Materials,” Concrete International, V. 37, No. 4, Apr. 2015, pp. 47-51.
3. Thomas, R. J.; Maguire, M.; Sorensen, A. D.; and Quezada, I., “Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement,” Concrete International, V. 40, No. 4, Apr. 2018, pp. 65-69.
4. Imbabi, M. S.; Carrigan, C.; and McKenna, S., “Trends and Developments in Green Cement and Concrete Technology,” International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment, V. 1, No. 2, 2012, pp. 194-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsbe.2013.05.001
5. Bescher, E.; Kim, J.; Ramseyer, C.; and Vallens, J. K., “Low Carbon Footprint Pavement: History of Use, Performance and New Opportunities For Belitic Calcium Sulfoaluminate,” Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium on Concrete Roads, Berlin, Germany, June 2018.
6. Burris, L. E.; Kurtis, K. E.; and Morton, T., “Novel Alternative Cementitious Materials for Development of the Next Generation of Sustainable Transportation Infrastructure,” FHWA-HRT No. 16-017, Oct. 2015, 40 pp.
7. Ramseyer, C., and Perez, V., “Highway Panel Replacement—BCSA Concrete in California,” National Conference on Preservation, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements, St. Louis, MO, Apr. 2009, pp. 223-231.
8. Winnefeld, F., and Kaufmann, J., “Concrete Produced with Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement—A Potential System for Energy and Heat Storage,” First Middle East Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures, Dubai, UAE, Feb. 2011.
9. Andac, M., and Glasser, F. P., “Pore Solution Composition of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement,” Advances in Cement Research, V. 11, No. 1, 1999, pp. 23-26. doi: 10.1680/adcr.1999.11.1.23
10. Moffatt, E. G., and Thomas, M. D. A., “Durability of Rapid-Strength Concrete Produced with Ettringite-Based Binders,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 115, No. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 105-115. doi: 10.14359/51701006
11. Jen, G.; Stompinis, N.; and Jones, R., “Chloride Ingress in a Belite-Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Matrix,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 98, Aug, 2017, pp. 130-135. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.02.013
12. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
13. Suhendro, B., “Toward Green Concrete for Better Sustainable Environment,” Procedia Engineering, V. 95, 2014, pp. 305-320. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.190
14. Edelenbosch, O. Y.; Kermeli, K.; Crijns-Graus, W.; Worrell, E.; Bibas, R.; Fais, B.; Fujimori, S.; Kyle, P.; Sano, F.; and van Vuuren, D. P., “Comparing Projections of Industrial Energy Demand and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Long Term Energy Models,” Energy, V. 122, Mar., 2017, pp. 701-710. doi: 10.1016/j.energy.2017.01.017
15. van Ruijven, B. J.; van Vuuren, D. P.; Boskaljon, W.; Neelis, M. L.; Saygin, D.; and Patel, M. K., “Long-Term Model-Based Projections of Energy Use and CO2 Emissions from the Global Steel and Cement Industries,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, V. 112, Sept. 2016, pp. 15-36. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.04.016
16. Bescher, E., “Calcium Sulfoaluminate-Belite Concrete: Structure, Properties, Practice,” Presentation, Fayetteville, AR, 2015.
17. Powers, T. C., and Brownyard, T. L., “Studies of the Physical Properties of Hardened Portland Cement Paste,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 43, No. 9, Nov. 1946, pp. 249-336.
18. Bernardo, G.; Telesca, A.; and Valenti, G. L., “A Porosimetric Study of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement Pastes Cured at Early Ages,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 6, 2006, pp. 1042-1047. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.02.014