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Related References:

1. Farahani, A.; Taghaddos, H.; and Shekarchi, M., “Prediction of Long-Term Chloride Diffusion in Silica Fume Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 59, 2015, pp. 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.006

2. Li, L.; Easterbrook, D.; Xia, J.; and Jin, W., “Numerical Simulation of Chloride Penetration in Concrete in Rapid Chloride Migration Tests,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 63, 2015, pp. 113-121. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.09.004

3. Wang, X., and Lee, H., “Modeling of Chloride Diffusion in Concrete Containing Low-Calcium Fly Ash,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, V. 138, No. 2-3, 2013, pp. 917-928. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2012.12.085

4. Muthulingam, S., and Rao, B., “Non-uniform Time-to-Corrosion Initiation in Steel Reinforced Concrete under Chloride Environment,” Corrosion Science, V. 82, 2014, pp. 304-315. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2014.01.023

5. Elfmarkova, V.; Spiesz, P.; and Brouwers, H., “Determination of the Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Blended Cement Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 78, 2015, pp. 190-199. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.06.014

6. Collepardi, M.; Marcialis, A.; and Turriziani, R., “Penetration of Chloride Ions into Cement Pastes and Concretes,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, V. 55, No. 10, 1972, pp. 534-535. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1972.tb13424.x

7. Andrade, C.; Castellote, M.; and d’Andrea, R., “Measurement of Ageing Effect on Chloride Diffusion Coefficients in Cementitious Matrices,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, V. 412, No. 1, 2011, pp. 209-216. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.236

8. Berrocal, C.; Lundgren, K.; and Löfgren, I., “Corrosion of Steel Bars Embedded in Fibre Reinforced Concrete under Chloride Attack,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 80, 2016, pp. 69-85. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.10.006

9. Thomas, M., and Bamforth, P., “Modelling Chloride Diffusion in Concrete—Effect of Fly Ash and Slag,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 4, 1999, pp. 487-495. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00192-6

10. Song, L.; Sun, W.; and Gao, J., “Time Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Concrete,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, V. 28, No. 2, 2013, pp. 314-319. doi: 10.1007/s11595-013-0685-6

11. Díaz, B.; Freire, P.; Merino, P.; Nóvoa, X. R.; and Pérez, M. C., “Impedance Spectroscopy Study of Saturated Mortar Samples,” Electrochimica Acta, V. 53, No. 25, 2008, pp. 7549-7555. doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.10.042

12. Sánchez, I.; Nóvoa, X.; De Vera, G.; and Climent, M., “Microstructural Modifications in Portland Cement Concrete due to Forced Ionic Migration Tests. Study by Impedance Spectroscopy,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 7, 2008, pp. 1015-1025. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.012

13. Tang, L., and Nilsson, L., “Chloride Diffusivity in High Strength Concrete at Different Ages,” Nordic Concrete Research, V. 11, No. 1, 1992, pp. 162-170.

14. Mangat, P., and Molloy, B., “Prediction of Long Term Chloride Concentration in Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 27, No. 6, 1994, pp. 338-346. doi: 10.1007/BF02473426

15. Mangat, P., and Limbachiya, M., “Effect of Initial Curing on Chloride Diffusion in Concrete Repair Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 9, 1999, pp. 1475-1485. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00130-1

16. Helland, S., “Assessment and Predication of Service Life of Marine Structures—A Tool for Performance Based Requirements,” Workshop on Design of Durability of Concrete, Berlin, Germany, 1999, pp. 64-75.

17. Bamforth, P., “A New Approach to the Analysis of Time-Dependent Changes in Chloride Profiles to Determine Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Use in Modelling Chloride Ingress,” RILEM International Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete, RILEM Publications SARL, Paris, France, 1995, pp. 195-205.

18. Boddy, A.; Hooton, R.; and Gruber, K., “Long-Term Testing of the Chloride-Penetration Resistance of Concrete Containing High-Reactivity Metakaolin,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 5, 2001, pp. 759-765. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00492-6

19. Stanish, K., and Thomas, M., “The Use of Bulk Diffusion Tests to Establish Time-Dependent Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficients,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 1, 2003, pp. 55-62. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00925-0

20. Da, B., and Yu, H., “Surface Free Chloride Concentration and Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Coral Seawater Concrete,” Journal of Southeast University, V. 46, No. 5, 2016, pp. 1093-1097.

21. Bamforth, P., “Predicting the Risk of Reinforcement Corrosion in Marine Structures,” Corrosion Prevention & Control, V. 43, No. 4, 1996, pp. 91-100.

22. Maage, M.; Helland, S.; and Carlsen, J., Durability of High-Performance Concrete, Science Press, Beijing, China, 1998, pp. 118-127.

23. Yu, H., “Study on High Performance Concrete in Salt Lake: Durability, Mechanism and Service Life Prediction,” Southeast University, Nanjing, China, 2004, pp. 153-156.

24. Yu, H.; Sun, W.; and Ma, H., “Diffusion Model of Chloride in Concrete II—Homogeneous and Inhomogeneous Diffusion in Finite Body,” Journal of Nanjing University Aeronautics, V. 41, No. 3, 2009, pp. 408-413.

25. Da, B.; Yu, H.; Ma, H.; Tan, Y.; Mi, R.; and Dou, X., “Chloride Diffusion Study of Coral Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 123, 2016, pp. 47-58. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.06.135

26. Fan, Z.; Yang, F.; Huang, J.; and Wang, S., “Experimental Study on Long-Term Exposure Test of Marine Concrete,” Port Waterway Engineering, V. 9, 2009, pp. 45-48.

27. Lin, B., and Cai, Y., “Experimental Study on Durability of Marine Reinforced Concrete Indoor and Long-Term Exposure To Site,” Durability Forum on Concrete Structures, Nanjing, China, 2006, pp. 23-25.

28. Yu, H.; Da, B.; Ma, H.; Zhu, H.; Yu, Q.; Ye, H.; and Jing, X., “Durability of Concrete Structures in Tropical Atoll Environment,” Ocean Engineering, V. 135, 2017, pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2017.02.020

29. Xu, M., “Study on Durability of Concrete in Dalian Port and Time-Dependent Law of Chloride Diffusion Coefficient,” Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, 2017, pp. 23-64.

30. Feng, T., “Durability Assessment and Service Life Design of Dalian Bay Immersed Tunnel,” Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China, 2017, pp. 27-57.

31. Sun, P., “Durability Research on Modern Concrete Exposed to Ocean Environment,” Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, China, 2011, pp. 25-42.

32. Xue, H.; Jin, Z.; and Wang, X., “Chloride Ion Penetration into Concrete Exposed to Marine Environment for a Long Period,” Ocean Engineering, V. 33, No. 5, 2015, pp. 60-65. (in Chinese)

33. Leng, F., and Ma, X., “Durability Analysis of RC Piles Exposed Naturally in Coastal Saline Soil Environment for 17 Years,” Building Structures, V. 41, No. 11, 2011, pp. 144-151.

34. Kondratova, I.; Montes, P.; and Bremner, T., “Natural Marine Exposure Results for Reinforced Concrete Slabs with Corrosion Inhibitors,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 4-5, 2003, pp. 483-490. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00088-4

35. Thomas, M., and Scott, A., “Sustainable Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Proceedings of Honoree Sessions, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Universita Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy, 2010.

36. Alexander, M., and Thomas, M., “Service Life Prediction and Performance Testing—Current Developments and Practical Applications,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 78, 2015, pp. 155-164. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.05.013

37. Thomas, M., and Bremner, T., “Performance of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Containing Slag after 25 Years in a Harsh Marine Environment,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 2, 2012, pp. 358-364. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.10.009

38. Robertson, I., “Prediction of Chloride Ingress into Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Strategies for Sustainable Concrete Structures: Numerical Modeling, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Manoa, HI, 2012, pp. 1-10.

39. Castro, P.; De Rincon, O.; and Pazini, E., “Interpretation of Chloride Profiles from Concrete Exposed to Tropical Marine Environments,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 4, 2001, pp. 529-537. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00453-7

40. Meira, G.; Andrade, C.; Alonso, C.; Borba, J. C. Jr.; and Padilha, M. Jr., “Durability of Concrete Structures in Marine Atmosphere Zones—The Use of Chloride Deposition Rate on the Wet Candle as an Environmental Indicator,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 32, No. 6, 2010, pp. 427-435. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.03.002

41. Meira, G.; Andrade, C.; Vilar, E.; and Nery, K. D., “Analysis of Chloride Threshold from Laboratory and Field Experiments in Marine Atmosphere Zone,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 55, 2014, pp. 289-298. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.052

42. Thomas, M., and Matthews, J., “Performance of PFA Concrete in a Marine Environment—10-Year Results,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 26, No. 1, 2004, pp. 5-20. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00117-8

43. Nanukuttan, S.; Basheer, P.; McCarter, W. J.; Tang, L.; Holmes, N.; Chrisp, T. M.; Starrs, G.; and Magee, B., “The Performance of Concrete Exposed to Marine Environments: Predictive Modelling and Use of Laboratory/On Site Test Methods,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 93, 2015, pp. 831-840. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.083

44. Nilsson, L., and Ollivier, J., “A New Approach to the Analysis of Time-Dependent Changes in Chloride Profiles to Determine Effective Diffusion Coefficients for Use in Modelling of Chloride Ingress,” RILEM International Workshop on Chloride Penetration into Concrete, RILEM Publications SARL, Paris, France, 1995, pp. 195-205.

45. Skjolsvold, O.; Justnes, H.; Hammer, T.; and Fidjestol, P., “Long-Term Chloride Intrusion in Field-Exposed Concrete with and without Silica Fume,” Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag, and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, Proceedings of the Ninth CANMET/ACI International Conference, SP-242, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, pp. 199-210.

46. Vennesland, O., and Gautefall, O., “Chloride Penetration into Concrete Exposed to Severe Marine Environment,” RILEM International Conference on Chloride Penetration into Concrete, Paris, France, 1995, pp. 373-380.

47. Markeset, G., and Skjølsvold, O., “Time-Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient—Field Studies of Concrete Exposed to Marine Environment in Norway,” International Symposium on Service Life Design for Infrastructure, RILEM Publications SARL, Paris, France, 2010, pp. 83-90.

48. Frederiksen, J., and Geiker, M., “Chloride Ingress Prediction: Part 1: Analytical Model for Time Dependent Diffusion Coefficient and Surface Concentration,” Concrete Modelling (CONMOD’08), RILEM Publications, Paris, France, 2008, pp. 257-282.

49. Tang, L.; Dimitrios, P.; and Boubitsas, U., “Durability and Service Life Prediction of Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Journal of Chinese Ceramic Society, V. 43, No. 10, 2015, pp. 1408-1419.

50. Luping, T., “Engineering Expression of the ClinConc Model for Prediction of Free and Total Chloride Ingress in Submerged Marine Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 8-9, 2008, pp. 1092-1097. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.008

51. Rahimi, A.; Gehlen, C.; Reschke, T.; and Westendarp, A., “Approaches for Modelling the Residual Service Life of Marine Concrete Structures,” International Journal of Corrosion, V. 2014, 2014, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2014/432472

52. Poupard, O.; L’Hostis, V.; Catinaud, S.; and Petre-Lazar, I., “Corrosion Damage Diagnosis of a Reinforced Concrete Beam after 40 Years Natural Exposure in Marine Environment,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 3, 2006, pp. 504-520. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.004

53. Serdar, M.; Bjegovic, D.; and Stipanovic-Oslakovic, I., “Corrosion Resistant Steel Reinforcement—Laboratory and Field Testing,” Sixth International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions: Environment and Loading, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 2010, pp. 1055-1062.

54. Farahani, A.; Taghaddos, H.; and Shekarchi, M., “Prediction of Long-Term Chloride Diffusion in Silica Fume Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 59, 2015, pp. 10-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.006

55. Shekarchi, M.; Rafiee, A.; and Layssi, H., “Long-Term Chloride Diffusion in Silica Fume Concrete in Harsh Marine Climates,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 31, No. 10, 2009, pp. 769-775. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.08.005

56. Moradllo, M.; Shekarchi, M.; and Hoseini, M., “Time-Dependent Performance of Concrete Surface Coatings in Tidal Zone of Marine Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 30, 2012, pp. 198-205. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.11.044

57. Valipour, M.; Pargar, F.; Shekarchi, M.; Khani, S.; and Moradian, M., “In-Situ Study of Chloride Ingress in Concretes Containing Natural Zeolite, Metakaolin and Silica Fume Exposed to Various Exposure Conditions in a Harsh Marine Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 46, 2013, pp. 63-70. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.026

58. Ghods, P.; Chini, M.; Alizadeh, R.; Hoseini, M.; Shekarchi, M.; and Ramezanianpour, A., “The Effect of Different Exposure Conditions on the Chloride Diffusion into Concrete in the Persian Gulf Region,” Proceedings of International Conference of ConMAT, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2005, 10 pp.

59. Bhutta, M.; Maruya, T.; and Tsuruta, K., “Use of Polymer-Impregnated Concrete Permanent Form in Marine Environment: 10-Year Outdoor Exposure in Saudi Arabia,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 43, 2013, pp. 50-57. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.01.028

60. Bader, M., “Performance of Concrete in a Coastal Environment,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 4-5, 2003, pp. 539-548. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00093-8

61. Aldred, J., and Castel, A., “Chloride Penetration after Field Exposure Compared with Estimates from Service Life Prediction Models,” RILEM International Workshop on Performance-Based Specification and Control of Concrete Durability, Zagreb, Croatia, June 2014, pp. 11-13.

62. Chalee, W.; Ausapanit, P.; and Jaturapitakkul, C., “Utilization of Fly Ash Concrete in Marine Environment for Long Term Design Life Analysis,” Materials & Design, V. 31, No. 3, 2010, pp. 1242-1249. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2009.09.024

63. Chalee, W.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; and Chindaprasirt, P., “Predicting the Chloride Penetration of Fly Ash Concrete in Seawater,” Marine Structures, V. 22, No. 3, 2009, pp. 341-353. doi: 10.1016/j.marstruc.2008.12.001

64. Cheewaket, T.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; and Chalee, W., “Concrete Durability Presented by Acceptable Chloride Level and Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Concrete: 10-Year Results in Marine Site,” Materials and Structures, V. 47, No. 9, 2014, pp. 1501-1511. doi: 10.1617/s11527-013-0131-4

65. Japan Concrete Institute, “Annual Proceedings of Concrete Research and Technology,” Tokyo, Japan, 1988-2008.

66. Liu, W.; Zhu, C.; and Han, Y., “Study on Steel Bar Rust Caused by Chlorion Diffusion in Concrete,” Journal of Waterway Harbor, V. 2, 1992, pp. 30-38.

67. Lv, J.; Tan, Z.; and Ba, H., “Micro-Structure and Performance Analysis of Marine Concrete after Extended Exposure to Marine Environment,” Journal of China University Mining & Technology, V. 39, No. 4, 2010, pp. 528-533.

68. Wang, C., and Gu, K., “Investigation and Analysis on Concrete Structure Durability of a Seaport Wharf,” Port & Waterway Engineering, V. 3, 2014, pp. 114-118.

69. Gao, X., “Area of a Seaport Terminal Oceanic and Atmospheric Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Structures and Repair,” Qingdao Technology University, Qingdao, China, 2010, pp. 67-84.

70. Fan, H.; Wang, P.; and Zhao, T., “Research on Chloride Penetration for RC Structures after Long-Term Exposure,” Journal of Building Structure, V. 32, No. 1, 2011, pp. 88-94.

71. Zhao, L., “Detection and Evaluation Durability of RC Bridges under Marine Environment,” Qingdao Technology University, Qingdao, China, 2010, pp. 30-61.

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73. Guo, D., “Study on Performance Degradation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction for RC Bridge near Coastal Areas,” Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 2013.

74. Zhu, X.; Zhu, Y.; Ge, Y.; and Li, Y., “Corrosion Condition and Characteristics of a High-Piled Wharf after 10 Years’ Service,” Port & Waterway Engineering, V. 356, No. 9, 2003, pp. 11-15.

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76. Liang, F., “Research on Durability of Chiwan port,” Port & Waterway Engineering, V. 307, No. 8, 1999, pp. 10-16.

77. Gao, X., “Study on Chloride Penetration of In-Situ Harbor Structures,” Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China, 2008, pp. 13-55.

78. Guan, X., “Structure Status Detection and Reinforcement Method of Tianjin Port 1-3 Wharf,” Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 2011, pp. 14-38.

79. Smith, B.; Creveling, M.; and Teig, J., “Sustainable Concrete Mix Designs for 100-Year Service Life for Bridges in San Diego County Coastal Environments,” Conference on Coastal Engineering Practice, San Diego, CA, 2011, pp. 184-197.

80. de Rincón, O. T.; Castro, P.; Moreno, E. I.; Torres-Acosta, A. A.; de Bravo, O. M.; Arrieta, I.; García, C.; García, D.; and Martínez-Madrid, M., “Chloride Profiles in Two Marine Structures—Meaning and Some Predictions,” Building and Environment, V. 39, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1065-1070. doi: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.036

81. Medeiros-Junior, R. A.; Lima, M. G.; Brito, P. C.; and Medeiros, M. H. F., “Chloride Penetration into Concrete in an Offshore Platform—Analysis of Exposure Conditions,” Ocean Engineering, V. 103, 2015, pp. 78-87. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2015.04.079

82. Arskog, V.; Sengul, O.; and Gjorv, O., “Durability of Silica Fume Concrete in Aursundet Bridge,” Sixth International Conference on Concrete under Severe Conditions: Environment and Loading, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico, 2010, pp. 759-765.

83. Rui, M., “Probability Based Durability Analysis of Concrete Structures in Marine Environment,” University of Minho, Braga, Portugal, 2004, pp. 167-202.

84. Henrik, W., “Chloride Profiling in Marine Concrete—Methods and Tools for Sampling,” Lund University, Lund, Sweden, 2007, pp. 17-28.

85. Polder, R.; de Rooij, M.; and Breugel, K., “Validation of Models for Service Life Prediction: Experiences from the Practice,” ConcreteLife’ 06: International RILEM-JCI Seminar on Concrete Durability and Service Life Planning, Dead Sea, Israel, 2006, pp. 1-16.

86. Koenders, E., Ottelé, M., Çopuroglu, O., van Breuge, K., “Quality Assessment of a 40-Years Old Tunnel,” 2nd International Conference on concrete Repair, Rehabilitation, and Retrofitting, Cape Town, South Africa, 2008, pp. 1-6.

87. Boutz, M.; Roelfstra, P.; Haverkort, R.; and van der Wegen, G., “Numerical Modelling of Chloride Ingress for Service Life Design of Concrete Structures,” International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Modelling (CONMOD ’08), 2008.

88. Blin, F.; Law, D. W.; and Gray, B., “Corrosion Monitoring of Port Structures,” Concrete in Aggressive Aqueous Environments, Performance, Testing and Modeling, Toulouse, France, 2009, pp. 475-484.

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90. Oh, B. H., and Jang, S. Y., “Effects of Material and Environmental Parameters on Chloride Penetration Profiles in Concrete Structures,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 1, 2007, pp. 47-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.09.005

91. Kim, H. S.; Kim, C. G.; Na, W. B.; and Kim, J. K., “Chemical Degradation Characteristics of Reinforced Concrete Reefs in South Korea,” Ocean Engineering, V. 35, No. 8-9, 2008, pp. 738-748. doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.02.003

92. Pack, S.-W.; Jung, M.-S.; Song, H.-W.; Kim, S.-H.; and Ann, K. Y., “Prediction of Time Dependent Chloride Transport in Concrete Structure Exposed to a Marine Environment,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 40, No. 2, 2010, pp. 302-312. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.023

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104. Divsholi, B.; Lim, T.; and Teng, S., “Durability Properties and Microstructure of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Cement Concrete,” International Journal of Concrete structures and Materials, V. 18, No. 2, 2014, pp. 157-164.

105. Zibara, H.; Hooton, R.; Thomas, M.; and Stanish, K., “Influence of the C/S and C/A Ratios of Hydration Products on the Chloride Ion Binding Capacity of Lime-SF and Lime-MK Mixtures,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 3, 2008, pp. 422-426. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.024

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108. Audenaert, K., and De Schutter, G., “Study of Chloride Penetration in Self-Compacting Concrete by Simulation of Tidal Zone,” Concrete Repair, Rehabilitation, and Retrofitting II, Cape Town, South Africa, 2009, pp. 109-110.

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