Title:
Experimental Study of Chloride Diffusion Properties of Mortar Mixed with Ion-Exchange Resin
Author(s):
Yao Luan, Osamu Sanada, and Hiroshi Mutsuyoshi
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
785-794
Keywords:
chloride attack; chloride profile; compressive strength; immersion and drying in salt water; inverse diffusion; ion-exchange resin; ion selectivity; Young’s modulus
DOI:
10.14359/51706845
Date:
9/1/2018
Abstract:
The durability of concrete structures is increasingly being compromised by corrosion of the steel reinforcement resulting from chloride attack. Although mortar containing a nitrite compound is often used in repair work to inhibit corrosion, a harmless and more economical material is sought. The authors investigated adding an ion-exchange resin (IER) to mortar as a possible way to remove chloride from old concrete. IERs, which are widely used in water purification, are capable of exchanging chloride ions in aqueous condition. The anion exchange capacity of an IER in cement solution is experimentally investigated. Then, two chloride diffusion experiments, one involving immersion and drying cycles and the other inverse diffusion from a mortar substrate, are carried out with IER mortar. Chloride profiles are determined by titration and the chlorine distribution is visualized. The results confirm that the IER accelerates chloride diffusion in the mortar as a result of its ability to exchange chloride ions.
Related References:
1. Angst, U.; Elsener, B.; Larsen, C. K.; and Vennesland, Ø., “Critical Chloride Content in Reinforced Concrete—a Review,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 12, 2009, pp. 1122-1138. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.006
2. Bertolini, L.; Elsener, B.; Pedeferri, P.; Redaelli, E.; and Polder, R. B., Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Prevention, Diagnosis, Repair, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2013, 434 pp.
3. Tanaka, Y.; Kawano, H.; Watanabe, H.; and Nakajo, T., “Study on Required Cover Depth of Concrete Highway Bridges in Coastal Environment,” Proceedings of the 17th US–Japan Bridge Engineering Workshop, Tsukuba, Japan, 2001, pp. 469-484.
4. Japan Society of Civil Engineers, “Committee Research Report: Quantitative Evaluation of Chloride Environment,” Concrete Engineering Series No. 23, 2015, 220 pp. (in Japanese)
5. Soeda, K., and Ichimura, T., “Present State of Corrosion Inhibitors in Japan,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 1, 2003, pp. 117-122. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00058-0
6. Söylev, T. A., and Richardson, M. G., “Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel in Concrete: State-of-the-Art Report,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 22, No. 4, 2008, pp. 609-622. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.10.013
7. Gu, P.; Elliott, S.; Hristova, R.; Beaudoin, J. J.; Brousseau, R.; and Baldock, B., “A Study of Corrosion Inhibitor Performance in Chloride Contaminated Concrete by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 94, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1997, pp. 385-395.
8. Ann, K. Y.; Jung, H. S.; Kim, H. S.; Kim, S. S.; and Moon, H. Y., “Effect of Calcium Nitrite-Based Corrosion Inhibitor in Preventing Corrosion of Embedded Steel in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 3, 2006, pp. 530-535. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.09.003
9. Tatematsu, H., and Sasaki, T., “Repair Materials System for Chloride-Induced Corrosion of Reinforcing Bars,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 1, 2003, pp. 123-129. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00059-2
10. Hartman, P. E., “Review: Putative Mutagens and Carcinogens in Foods. I. Nitrate/Nitrite Ingestion and Gastric Cancer Mortality,” Environmental Mutagenesis, V. 5, No. 1, 1983, pp. 111-121. doi: 10.1002/em.2860050112
11. Böhni, H., Corrosion Inhibitors for Reinforced Concrete, first edition, CRC Press & Woodhead Publishing Limited Publisher, 2005, 264 pp.
12. Harland, C. E., Ion Exchange: Theory and Practice, second edition, The Royal Society of Chemistry Publisher, 1994, 285 pp.
13. JIS R 5210:2009, “Portland Cement,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2009, 16 pp.
14. JIS K 3813:2003, “General Rules for Electrophoretic Analysis,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2003, 9 pp.
15. JIS A 1154:2012, “Methods of Test for Chloride Ion Content in Hardened Concrete,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2012, 21 pp.
16. JIS R 5211: 2009, “Portland Blast-Furnace Slag Cement,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2009, 12 pp.
17. JIS A 1108:2006, “Method of Test for Compressive Strength of Concrete,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2006, 13 pp.
18. JIS A 1149:2010, “Method of Test for Static Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete,” Japanese Standards Association, Tokyo, Japan, 2010, 8 pp.
19. Taylor, H. F. W., Cement Chemistry, second edition, Thomas Telford, London, UK, 1997, 480 pp.