Title:
Seismic Performance of Compliant and Noncompliant Special Moment-Resisting Reinforced Concrete Frames
Author(s):
Muhammad Rizwan, Naveed Ahmad, and Akhtar Naeem Khan
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
4
Appears on pages(s):
1063-1073
Keywords:
ACI 318; damage scale; response modification factor; shaketable; special moment-resisting frames
DOI:
10.14359/51702063
Date:
7/1/2018
Abstract:
Shake-table tests were conducted on reinforced concrete frames designed to UBC-97 and detailed as per ACI 318. The frames were built complying with the code requirements and having construction defects: low-strength concrete, lacking ties in joints, stirrups being provided at larger spacing, practicing reduced longitudinal reinforcements, along with non-seismic hooks. Five 1:3-scale, two-story representative models were subjected to a linearly scaled accelerogram of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The observed damage mechanism and lateral force-deformation behavior of tested frames were obtained. The response modification factor calculated for the code-complaint frame is approximately 7.50, which is reduced by 40 to 60% for models with construction defects. One of the major findings reveals the minimum ACI 318 requirement for exterior column depth of 15 times the diameter of longitudinal steel bars is inadequate to avoid joint panel damage, specifically for structures built with low-strength concrete and/or joint panels lacking confining ties under design-level earthquake.
Related References:
1. Badrashi, Y. I.; Ali, Q.; and Ashraf, M., “Reinforced Concrete Buildings in Pakistan – Housing Report,” Housing Report No. 159, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 2010, pp. 1-16.
2. Arslan, M. H., and Korkmaz, H. H., “What is to be Learned from Damage and Failure of Reinforced Concrete Structures during Recent Earthquakes in Turkey?” Engineering Failure Analysis, V. 14, No. 1, 2007, pp. 1-22. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.01.003
3. Ates, S.; Kahya, V.; Yurdakul, M.; and Adanur, S., “Damages on Reinforced Concrete Buildings due to Consecutive Earthquakes in Van,” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, V. 53, 2013, pp. 109-118. doi: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.06.006
4. Erdil, B., “Why RC Buildings Failed in the 2011 Van, Turkey, Earthquakes: Construction versus Design Practices,” Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, V. 31, No. 3, 2016, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0000980
5. Naseer, A.; Khan, A. N.; Hussain, Z.; and Ali, Q., “Observed Seismic Behavior of Buildings in Northern Pakistan during the 2005 Kashmir Earthquake,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 26, No. 2, 2010, pp. 425-449. doi: 10.1193/1.3383119
6. Rossetto, T., and Peiris, N., “Observations of Damage Due to the Kashmir Earthquake of October 8, 2005 and Study of Current Seismic Provisions for Buildings in Pakistan,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 7, No. 3, 2009, pp. 681-699. doi: 10.1007/s10518-009-9118-5
7. Ruiz-Pinilla, J. G.; Adam, J. M.; Perez-Carcel, R.; Yuste, J.; and Moragues, J. J., “Learning from RC Building Structures Damaged by the Earthquake in Lorca, Spain, in 2011,” Engineering Failure Analysis, V. 68, 2016, pp. 76-86. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.013
8. Kam, W. Y.; Pampanin, S.; Dhakal, R. P.; Gavin, H.; and Roeder, C. W., “Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Buildings in the September 2010 Darfield (Canterbury) Earthquakes,” Bulletin of New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, V. 43, No. 4, 2010, pp. 340-350.
9. Westenenk, B.; de la Llera, J. C.; Jünemann, R.; Hube, M. A.; Besa, J. J.; Lüders, C.; Inaudi, J. A.; Riddell, R.; and Jordán, R., “Analysis and Interpretation of the Seismic Response of RC Buildings in Concepción during the February 27, 2010, Chile Earthquake,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 11, No. 1, 2013, pp. 69-91. doi: 10.1007/s10518-012-9404-5
10. Kam, W. Y., and Pampanin, S., “The Seismic Performance of RC Buildings in the 22 February 2011 Christchurch Earthquake,” Structural Concrete, V. 12, No. 4, 2011, pp. 223-233. doi: 10.1002/suco.201100044
11. Benavent-Climent, A.; Morillas, L.; and Escolano-Margarit, D., “Seismic Performance and Damage Evaluation of a Reinforced Concrete Frame with Hysteretic Dampers through Shake-Table Test,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 43, No. 15, 2014, pp. 2399-2417. doi: 10.1002/eqe.2459
12. Bracci, J. M.; Reinhorn, A. M.; and Mander, J. B., “Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Designed for Gravity Loads,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 92, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1995, pp. 597-609.
13. Calvi, G. M.; Magenes, G.; and Pampanin, S., “Experimental Test on a Three Story R.C Frame Designed for Gravity Only,” Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK, 2002.
14. Dolce, M.; Cardone, D.; Ponzo, F. C.; and Valente, C., “Shaking Table Tests on Reinforced Concrete Frames without and with Passive Control Systems,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 34, No. 14, 2005, pp. 1687-1717. doi: 10.1002/eqe.501
15. El-Attar, A. G.; White, R. N.; and Gergely, P., “Shake Table Test of a 1/6 Scale Two Story Lightly Reinforced Concrete Building,” Technical Report NCEER-91 0017I, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER), Buffalo, NY, 1991, 118 pp.
16. Elwood, K. J., and Moehle, J. P., “Shake Table Tests and Analytical Studies on the Gravity Load Collapse of Reinforced Concrete Frames,” PEER Report 2003/01, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 2003, 364 pp.
17. Hashemi, A., and Mosalam, K. M., “Shake-Table Experiment on Reinforced Concrete Structure Containing Masonry Infill Wall,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 35, No. 14, 2006, pp. 1827-1852. doi: 10.1002/eqe.612
18. Koutromanos, I.; Kyriakides, M.; Stavridis, A.; Billington, S.; and Shing, P. B., “Shake-Table Tests of a 3-Story Masonry-Infilled RC Frame Retrofitted with Composite Materials,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 139, No. 8, 2013, pp. 1340-1351. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000689
19. Magliulo, G.; Petrone, C.; Capozzi, V.; Maddaloni, G.; Lopez, P.; and Manfredi, G., “Seismic Performance Evaluation of Plasterboard Partitions via Shake Table Test,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 12, No. 4, 2014, pp. 1657-1677. doi: 10.1007/s10518-013-9567-8
20. Pinto, A.; Varum, H.; and Molina, J., “Experimental Assessment and Retrofit of Full-Scale Models of Existing RC Frames,” Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, UK, 2002.
21. Quintana-Gallo, P.; Pampanin, S.; Carr, A. J.; and Bonelli, P., “Shake Table Tests of Under Designed RC Frames for the Seismic Retrofit of Buildings – Design and Similitude Requirements of the Benchmark Specimen,” Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 39, 2010, 12 pp.
22. Sharma, A.; Reddy, G. R.; Eligehausen, R.; Genesio, G.; and Pampanin, S., “Seismic Response of Reinforced Concrete Frames with Haunch Retrofit Solution,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 3, May-June 2014, pp. 673-684. doi: 10.14359/51686625
23. Shing, P. B.; Koutromanos, I.; Stavridis, A.; Kyriakides, M.; Billington, S.; and Willam, K., “Seismic Performance Assessment and Retrofit of Non-Ductile RC Frames with Infill Walls,” NEES & PEER Quake Summit, San Francisco, CA, 2010, pp. 1117-1128.
24. Stavridis, A.; Koutromanos, I.; and Shing, P. S., “Shake-Table Tests of a Three-Storey Reinforced Concrete Frame with Masonry Infill Walls,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 41, No. 6, 2012, pp. 1089-1108. doi: 10.1002/eqe.1174
25. Yavari, S.; Elwood, K. J.; Wu, C. L.; Lin, S. H.; Hwang, S. J.; and Moehle, J. P., “Shaking Table Tests on Reinforced Concrete Frames without Seismic Detailing,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2013, pp. 1000-1012.
26. Zarnic, R.; Gostic, S.; Crewe, A. J.; and Taylor, C. A., “Shaking Table Tests of 1:4 Reduced-Scale Models of Masonry Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 30, No. 6, 2001, pp. 819-834. doi: 10.1002/eqe.39
27. Aycardi, L. E.; Mander, J. B.; and Reinhorn, A. M., “Seismic Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structures Designed Only for Gravity Loads—Experimental Performance of Subassemblages,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 91, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1994, pp. 552-563.
28. Beres, A.; Pessiki, S.; White, R.; and Gergely, P., “Implications of Experiments on the Seismic Behaviour of Gravity Load Designed RC Beam-to-Column Connections,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 12, No. 2, 1996, pp. 185-198. doi: 10.1193/1.1585876
29. Hakuto, S.; Park, R.; and Tanaka, H., “Seismic Load Tests on Interior and Exterior Beam-Column Joints with Substandard Reinforcing Details,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 97, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2000, pp. 11-25.
30. Calvi, G. M.; Magenes, G.; and Pampanin, S., “Relevance of Beam-Column Joint Damage and Collapse in RC Frame Assessment,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, V. 6, No. sup001, 2002, pp. 75-100.
31. Bracci, J.; Reinhorn, A.; and Mander, J., “Seismic Retrofit of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Designed for Gravity Loads: Performance of Structural Model,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 92, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1995, pp. 711-723.
32. Dolce, M.; Cardone, D.; and Ponzo, F., “Shaking-Table Tests on Reinforced Concrete Frames with Different Isolation Systems,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 36, No. 5, 2007, pp. 573-596. doi: 10.1002/eqe.642
33. Garcia, R.; Hajirasouliha, I.; and Pilakoutas, K., “Seismic Behaviour of Deficient RC Frames Strengthened with CFRP Composites,” Engineering Structures, V. 32, No. 10, 2010, pp. 3075-3085. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.026
34. Sharma, A.; Reddy, G. R.; and Vaze, K. K., “Shake Table Tests on a Non-Seismically Detailed RC Frame Structure,” Structural Engineering and Mechanics, V. 41, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-24. doi: 10.12989/sem.2012.41.1.001
35. UBC, “Uniform Building Code – 97,” International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, CA, 1997.
36. BCP, “Building Code of Pakistan: Seismic Provisions-2007,” Technical Report, Ministry of Housing and Works, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2007, 302 pp.
37. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-05) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 430 pp.
38. Ahmad, N.; Shahzad, A.; Rizwan, M.; Khan, A. N.; Ali, S. M.; Ashraf, M.; Naseer, A.; Ali, Q.; and Alam, B., “Seismic Performance Assessment of Non-Compliant SMRF Reinforced Concrete Frame: Shake Table Test Study,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, V. 21, 2017, doi: 10.1080/13632469.2017.1326426
39. Morcarz, P., and Krawinkler, H., “Theory and Application of Experimental Model Analysis in Earthquake Engineering,” Technical Report Report No. 50, John Blume Earthquake Engineering Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1981, 272 pp.
40. Rashid, M., and Ahmad, N., “Economic Losses Due to Earthquake-Induced Structural Damages in RC SMRF Structures,” Cogent Engineering, V. 4, No. 1, 2017, pp. 1-15. doi: 10.1080/23311916.2017.1296529
41. Pampanin, S.; Calvi, G. M.; and Moratti, M., “Seismic Behavior of R.C. Beam-Column Joints Designed for Gravity Only,” Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Paper No. 726, London, UK, 2002, pp. 1-10.
42. Priestley, M. J. N., “Displacement-Based Seismic Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Buildings,” Journal of Earthquake Engineering, V. 1, No. 1, 1997, pp. 157-192. doi: 10.1080/13632469708962365
43. Newmark, N. M., and Hall, W. J., Earthquake Spectra and Design, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Oakland, CA, 1982, 103 pp.