Title:
Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls without Special Boundary Elements
Author(s):
Christopher J. Motter, Saman A. Abdullah, and John W. Wallace
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
723-733
Keywords:
boundary element; earthquake; end region; reinforced concrete; structural wall; reinforced concrete; seismic; wall
DOI:
10.14359/51702043
Date:
5/1/2018
Abstract:
Two large-scale reinforced concrete walls without ACI 318-14 special boundary elements were tested under constant axial gravity load of 0.053Agfc′ combined with reversed-cyclic, quasi-static lateral loading, and overturning moment applied at the top of the wall. Damage initiated with spalling of cover concrete and buckling of longitudinal reinforcement, followed by eventual fracture of longitudinal reinforcement and crushing of the concrete core. Failure occurred during the third loading cycle at 1.5% plastic hinge rotation for one wall, and during the first loading cycle at 2.0% plastic hinge rotation for the other. Using results from these tests and other tests on walls without special boundary elements, recommendations are made for deformation capacity/limits, effective stiffness, and additional backbone and hysteretic modeling parameters. An existing model for buckling of vertical reinforcement was extended, and a new limit for the ratio of longitudinal reinforcement unsupported length to bar diameter (s/db) is recommended.
Related References:
1. Paulay, T., “The Design of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls for Earthquake Resistance,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 2, No. 4, 1986, pp. 783-823. doi: 10.1193/1.1585411
2. Wallace, J. W., and Moehle, J. P., “Ductility and Detailing Requirements of Bearing Wall Buildings,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 118, No. 6, 1992, pp. 1625-1644. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:6(1625)
3. Moehle, J. P., “Displacement-Based Design of RC Structures Subjected to Earthquakes,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 8, No. 3, 1992, pp. 403-428. doi: 10.1193/1.1585688
4. Wallace, J. W., and Moehle, J. P., “An Evaluation of Ductility and Detailing Requirements of Bearing Wall Buildings using Data from the March 3, 1985, Chile Earthquake,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 9, No. 1, 1993, pp. 137-156. doi: 10.1193/1.1585709
5. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
6. ASCE, “Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (ASCE/SEI 41-13),” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2014, 518 pp.
7. Engesser, F., Z. ver. deut. Ingr. 42, 1898, 927 pp.
8. Mau, S. T., “Effect of Tie Spacing on Inelastic Buckling of Reinforcing Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1990, pp. 671-677.
9. Moehle, J. P.; Ghodsi, T.; Hooper, J. D.; Fields, D. C.; and Gedhada, R., “Seismic Design of Cast-in-Place Concrete Special Structural Walls and Coupling Beams: A Guide for Practicing Engineers,” NEHRP Seismic Design Technical Brief No. 6, NIST GCR 11-917-11, Gaithersburg, MD, 2011, 37 pp.
10. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary (ACI 318R-11),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
11. Motter, C. J.; Fields, D. C.; Hooper, J. D.; Klemencic, R.; and Wallace, J. W., “Steel-Reinforced Concrete (SRC) Coupling Beams. I: Testing,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 3, Mar. 2017. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001670
12. Motter, C. J.; Fields, D. C.; Hooper, J. D.; Klemencic, R.; and Wallace, J. W., “Steel-Reinforced Concrete (SRC) Coupling Beams. II: Modeling,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 143, No. 3, Mar. 2017. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001671
13. ASCE, “Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures (ASCE/SEI 7-10),” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2011, 608 pp.
14. PEER/ATC-72-1, “Modeling and Acceptance Criteria for Seismic Design and Analysis of Tall Buildings. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) and Applied Technology Council (ATC) Joint Task Force, 2010, 242 pp.
15. Moehle, J.; Bozorgnia, Y.; Jayaram, N.; Jones, P.; Rahnama, M.; Shome, N.; Tuna, Z.; Wallace, J.; Yang, T.; and Zareian, F., ‘Case Studies of the Seismic Performance of Tall Buildings Designed by Alternative Means,” PEER Report 2011/05, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 2011, 596 pp.
16. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete (ACI 318-83),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1983, 111 pp.
17. Elwood, K. J., and Eberhard, M. O., “Effective Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 106, No. 4, July-Aug. 2009, pp. 476-484.
18. Fenwick, R., and Bull, D., “What is the Stiffness of Reinforced Concrete Walls?” SESOC Journal, V. 13, No. 2, Sept. 2000, pp. 22-32.
19. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1992, 744 pp.
20. Adebar, P.; Ibrahim, A. M. M.; and Bryson, M., “Test of High-Rise Core Wall: Effective Stiffness for Seismic Analysis,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 104, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2007, pp. 549-559.
21. Elwood, K. J.; Matamoros, A. B.; Wallace, J. W.; Lehman, D. E.; Heintz, J. A.; Mitchell, A. D.; Moore, M. A.; Valley, M. T.; Lowes, L. N.; Comartin, C. D.; and Moehle, J. P., “Update to ASCE/SEI 41 Concrete Provisions,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 23, No. 3, 2007, pp. 493-523. doi: 10.1193/1.2757714
22. ACI Committee 374, “Guide to Nonlinear Modeling Parameters for Earthquake-Resistant Structures (ACI 374.3R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 14 pp.
23. Computers and Structures, “Perform 3D Version 5.0.0, Nonlinear Analysis and Performance Assessment of 3D Structures,” CSI, Berkeley, CA, 2011.
24. Lu, Y., “Seismic Design of Lightly-Reinforced Concrete Walls,” PhD thesis, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2017, 321 pp.
25. Rodriguez, M. E.; Botero, J. C.; and Villa, J., “Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Reinforcing Steel Including Effect of Buckling,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 125, No. 6, 1999, pp. 605-612. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:6(605)
26. Hilson, C. W., “Analytical and Experimental Studies of the Seismic Performance of Reinforced Concrete Structural Wall Boundary Elements,” PhD dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 2014, 296 pp.
27. Moyer, M. J., and Kowalsky, M. J., “Influence of Tension Strain on Buckling of Reinforcement in Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 100, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2003, pp. 75-85.
28. Wallace, J. W., and Orakcal, K., “ACI 318-99 Provisions for Seismic Design of Structural Walls,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 4, July-Aug. 2002, pp. 499-508.