Title:
Investigating Abrasion Resistance of Interlocking Blocks Incorporating Steel Slag Aggregate
Author(s):
Ahmed Abdelbary and Ashraf Ragab Mohamed
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
115
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
47-54
Keywords:
abrasion resistance; ASTM C936; paver block; slag aggregate
DOI:
10.14359/51700898
Date:
1/1/2018
Abstract:
This paper aims to introduce steel slag as a green construction material. The object of the study is to investigate the possibility and effect of replacing natural coarse aggregate in concrete paving block with electrical arc furnace slag (EAFS) to enhance its properties. The effect of different mixing ratios of EAFS on abrasion resistance, compressive strength, and water absorption were evaluated. It is observed that all the mixtures achieved most of the required ASTM C936 limits. The abrasion resistance and compressive strength of the slag-based mixtures showed higher values compared to the control mixture with conventional limestone aggregate. However, the abrasion requirement for interlocking concrete pavers is debated in the light of ASTM C936 standards. A suggested adaptation of the standard specification for solid concrete interlocking paving units, ASTM C936, is argued to consider macrotexture characteristics of the paver surface—ASTM E965 or ASTM E2157—as one of the paving requirements.
Related References:
1. Naik, T. R.; Singh, S. S.; and Ramme, B. W., “Effect of Source of Fly Ash Abrasion Resistance of Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 14, No. 5, 2002, pp. 417-426. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:5(417)
2. Gencel, O.; Sabri Gok, M.; and Brostow, W., “Effect of Metallic Aggregate and Cement Content on Abrasion Resistance Behaviour of Concrete,” Materials Research Innovations, V. 15, No. 2, 2011, pp. 116-123. doi: 10.1179/143307511X12998222918877
3. Shackel, B., and Pearson, A., “Developments in the Specification of Concrete Segmental Pavers for Australian Conditions,” CBP Second International Workshop, Oslo, Norway, 1994, 11 pp.
4. Ghafoori, N., and Sukandar, B. M., “Abrasion Resistance of Concrete Block Pavers,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1995, pp. 25-36.
5. Yazici, S., and Inan, G., “An Investigation on the Wear Resistance of High Strength Concretes,” Wear, V. 260, No. 6, 2006, pp. 615-618. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2005.03.028
6. CAC Institute, “The Manufacture of Concrete Paving Blocks,” Midrand, South Africa, 2001.
7. Senthamarai, R. M.; Manoharan, P. D.; and Gobinath, D., “Reusing Ceramic Wastes in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, 2011, pp. 2413-2419. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.049
8. Pacheco-Torgal, F., and Jalali, S., “Reusing Ceramic Wastes in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 24, No. 5, 2010, pp. 832-838. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.10.023
9. Nadeem, M., and Pofale, A. D., “Experimental Investigation of Using Slag as an Alternative to Normal Aggregates (Coarse and Fine) in Concrete,” International Journal of Civil and Structural Engineering, V. 3, No. 1, 2012, pp. 117-127.
10. IS 456-2000, “Plain and Reinforced Concrete—Code of Practice,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2000, 114 pp.
11. Fronek, B. A., “Feasibility of Expanding the Use of Steel Slag as a Concrete Pavement Aggregate,” master’s thesis, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, 2001, 205 pp.
12. Brand, A. S., and Roesler, J. F., “Steel Furnace Slag Aggregate Expansion and Hardened Concrete Properties,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 60, 2005, pp. 1-9.
13. Motz, H., and Geiseler, J., “Products of Steel Slags—An Opportunity to Save Natural Resources,” Waste Management, V. 21, No. 3, 2001, pp. 285-293.
14. Fülöp, I. A.; Bogárdi, I.; Gulyás, A.; and Csicsely-Tarpay, M., “Use of Friction and Texture in Pavement Performance Modeling,” Journal of Transportation Engineering, ASCE, V. 126, No. 3, 2000, pp. 243-248. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2000)126:3(243)
15. ASTM C936-01, “Standard Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001, 2 pp.
16. CEN EN 13863-1, “Concrete Pavements – Part 1: Test Methods,” European Standardization Committee, Brussels, Belgium, 2003.
17. ESS 4756-1, “The Egyptian Code for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures, Part 1,” Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality, Cairo, Egypt, 2007.
18. ASTM E384-16, “Standard Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, 28 pp.
19. ASTM C20-00, “Apparent Porosity, Water Absorption, Apparent Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density of Burned Refractory Brick and Shapes by Boiling Water,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2000, 3 pp.
20. Siddique, R., and Kaur, D., “Properties of Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) at Elevated Temperatures,” Journal of Advanced Research, V. 3, 2012, pp. 45-51.
21. El Nouhy, H. A., and Zeedan, S., “Performance Evaluation of Interlocking Paving Units in Aggressive Environments,” HBRC Journal, V. 8, No. 2, 2012, pp. 81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2012.09.003
22. Sadek, D. M., and El Nouhy, H. A., “Properties of Paving Units Incorporating Crushed Ceramic,” HBRC Journal, V. 10, No. 2, 2014, pp. 198-205. doi: 10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.11.006
23. Korany, Y., and El-Haggar, S., “Using Slag in Manufacturing Masonry Bricks and Paving Units,” TMS, V. 19, No. 1, 2001.
24. IS 15658, “Precast Concrete Blocks for Paving,” Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, India, 2006, 27 pp.
25. ESS 4382-1, “Concrete Interlocking Paving Units, Part 1,” Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality, Cairo, Egypt, 2004.
26. ASTM C418-98, “Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by Sandblasting,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1998, 3 pp.
27. ASTM C241-90(1997)e1, “Standard Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1997, 2 pp.
28. Wang, G. W., “Properties and Utilization of Steel Slag in Engineering Applications,” PhD thesis, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia, 1992, 333 pp.
29. ASTM C33-99ae1, “Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 11 pp.
30. ESS 1109, “Egyptian Standard Specification, Aggregate for Concrete,” Egyptian Organization for Standards and Quality, Cairo, Egypt, 2002, 46 pp.
31. Aavik, A.; Kaal, T.; and Jentson, M., “Use of Pavement Surface Texture Characteristics Measurement Results in Estonia,” International Baltic Road Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania, 2013, 10 pp.
32. Hall, J. W.; Smith, K. L.; and Littleton, P., “Texturing of Concrete Pavements,” NCHRP Report 634, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, 2009, 98 pp.
33. Flintsch, G. W.; de Leon, E.; McGhee, K. K.; and Al-Qadi, I. L., “Pavement Surface Macrotexture Measurement and Applications,” Transportation Research Record No. 1860, National Research Council, Washington, DC, 2003, 6 pp.
34. ASTM E965-96(2001), “Measuring Pavement Macrotexture Depth Using Volumetric Technique,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2001, 3 pp.
35. Chamberlin, W., and Amsler, D., “Measuring Surface Texture by the Sand-Patch Method,” Pavement Surface Characteristics and Materials, ASTM Special Technical Publication, V. 763, 1982, pp. 3-15.
36. Ahammed, M. A., and Tighe, S. L., “Asphalt Pavements Surface Texture and Skid Resistance—Exploring The Reality,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 39, No. 1, 2012, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.1139/l11-109
37. Meyer, M. E., and Reichert, J., Surface Characteristics of Roadways: International Research and Technologies, STP1031, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1990, 580 pp.
38. Lamond, J. F., and Pielert, J. H., Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, STP169D, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006, 655 pp.
39. ASTM E2157-01, “Measuring Pavement Macrotexture Properties Using the Circular Track Meter,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2001, 5 pp.
40. ASTM E1845-01(2005)e1, “Standard Practice for Calculating Pavement Macrotexture Mean Profile Depth,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2005, 4 pp.