Title:
Development of Autonomous-Healing Mortar Using Geobacillus stearothermophilus
Author(s):
M. A. Raden Maizatul Aimi, M. S. Hamidah, K. Kartini, H. Noor Hana, A. K. Khalilah, and E. Schlangen
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
118
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
3-11
Keywords:
alginate-hydrogel beads; autonomous healing; bacteria; crack remediation; microbial CaCO3
DOI:
10.14359/51700895
Date:
1/1/2021
Abstract:
Autonomous healing by the microbially induced calcite precipitation (MICP) mechanism has garnered significant interest in the sustainable approach to concrete repair and maintenance. Previous research works have reported that Bacillus pasteurii and Bacillus sphaericus are the most commonly used in concrete associated with bacteria. However, there is limited information on other types of bacteria species. In this study, the vegetative cells of Geobacillus stearothermophilus were introduced and encapsulated into alginate-hydrogel before incorporation into the mortar. The urease activity, viability, swelling, and water retention properties of the bacterial Geobacillus stearothermophilus cell encapsulated in alginate-hydrogel were measured. The performance of alginate-encapsulated Geobacillus stearothermophilus (AE-GS) in the mortar mixture as a self-healing agent was measured by compressive strength, water absorption, and crack-healing efficiency. The precipitation of calcium carbonate of the AE-GS mortar was measured using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The highest level of crack healing was 63% (by the initial crack width) which was achieved by incorporating 15% AE-GS (replacement by total weight of the mortar). However, the lower result of compressive strength and the highest absorption rate were portrayed by the mortar specimens that contained 15% of AE-GS replacement compared with the control mortar (AE-R) and with those of AE-GS replacement level at 3 and 9%.
Related References:
1. Achal, V., and Pan, X., “Influence of Calcium Sources on Microbially Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation by Bacillus sp. CR2,” Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, V. 173, No. 1, 2014, pp. 307-317. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0842-1
2. Achal, V.; Pan, X.; and Özyurt, N., “Improved Strength and Durability of Fly Ash-Amended Concrete by Microbial Calcite Precipitation,” Ecological Engineering, V. 37, No. 4, 2011, pp. 554-559. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2010.11.009
3. Afifudin, H.; Nadzarah, W.; Hamidah, M. S.; and Noor Hana, H., “Microbial Participation in the Formation of Calcium Silicate Hydrated (CSH) from Bacillus subtilis,” Procedia Engineering, V. 20, 2011, pp. 159-165. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2011.11.151
4. Bang, S. S.; Galinat, J. K.; and Ramakrishnan, V., “Calcite Precipitation Induced by Polyurethane—Immobilized Bacillus pasteurii,” Enzyme and Microbial Technology, V. 28, No. 4-5, 2001, pp. 404-409. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00348-3
5. Bang, S. S.; Lippert, J. J.; Yerra, U.; Mulukutla, S.; and Ramakrishnan, V., “Microbial Calcite, a Bio-Based Smart Nanomaterial in Concrete Remediation,” International Journal of Smart and Nano Materials, V. 1, No. 1, 2010, pp. 28-39. doi: 10.1080/19475411003593451
6. Raden Maizatul Aimi, M. A.; Mohd Saman, H.; Kamaruddin, K.; and Hussain, N. H., “Enhancement of Thermophilic (Geobacillus stearothermophilus) Cement–Sand Mortar Properties,” Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014), A. N. Yacob, M. Mohamed, and K. M. A. Megat Hanafiah, eds., Springer, Singapore, 2016, pp. 79-92.
7. Jonkers, H. M., and Schlangen, E., “Development of a Bacteria-Based Self Healing Concrete,” Proceedings of the International FIB Symposium on Tailor Made Concrete Structures—New Solutions for Our Society, V. 1, J. C. Walraven and D. Stoelhorst, eds., CRC Press, London, UK, 2008, pp. 425-430.
8. Jonkers, H. M.; Thijssen, A.; Muyzer, G.; Copuroglu, O.; and Schlangen, E., “Application of Bacteria as Self-Healing Agent for the Development of Sustainable Concrete,” Ecological Engineering, V. 36, No. 2, 2010, pp. 230-235. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2008.12.036
9. Ghosh, P.; Mandal, S.; and Chattopadhyay, B. D., “Effect of Addition of Micro-Organism on the Strength of Concrete,” Indian Concrete Journal, V. 80, No. 4, 2006, pp. 45-48.
10. Ghosh, S.; Biswas, M.; Chattopadhyay, B. D.; and Mandal, S., “Microbial Activity on the Microstructure of Bacteria Modified Mortar,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 31, No. 2, 2009, pp. 93-98. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.01.001
11. Sunil Pratap Reddy, S.; Seshagiri Rao, M. V.; Aparnaand, P.; and Sasikala, C. H., “Performance of Ordinary Grade Bacterial (Bacillus subtilis) Concrete,” International Journal of Earth Sciences and Engineering, V. 3, No. 1, 2010, pp. 116-124.
12. Patel, P. R., and Patel, S. K., “Microbial Concrete: The Pioneering Work on Repairing Concrete,” International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, V. 2, No. 4, 2011, pp. 825-828.
13. Wang, J. Y.; Van Tittelboom, K.; De Belie, N.; and Verstraete, W., “Potential of Applying Bacteria to Heal Cracks in Concrete,” Proceedings, Second International Conference on Sustainable Construction Materials and Technologies, Ancona, Italy, 2010.
14. Kaiser, G., “The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria. Sizes, Shapes, and Arrangements of Bacteria,” Doc Kaiser’s Microbiology Homepage, 2006.
15. McFarland, M.; Siegwart, B.; and Cousins, J. L. W., “The Effect of Pore Size on Ion Migration in Concrete during Electrochemical Chloride Extraction,” Proceedings, International Seminar on Repair, Rejuvenation and Enhancement of Concrete, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK, Thomas Telford, 2002.
16. Wang, J.; Van Tittelboom, K.; De Belie, N.; and Verstraete, W., “Use of Silica Gel or Polyurethane Immobilized Bacteria for Self-Healing Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 26, No. 1, 2012, pp. 532-540. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.054
17. Van Tittelboom, K.; De Belie, N.; De Muynck, W.; and Verstraete, W., “Use of Bacteria to Repair Cracks in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 40, No. 1, 2010, pp. 157-166. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.08.025
18. Jonkers, H. M., and Schlangen, E., “Crack Repair by Concrete-Immobilized Bacteria,” Proceedings of the First International Conference on Self Healing Materials, Noordwijk, the Netherlands, 2007, pp. 1-7.
19. Wang, J. Y.; De Belie, N.; and Verstraete, W., “Diatomaceous Earth as a Protective Vehicle for Bacteria Applied for Self-Healing Concrete,” Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, V. 39, No. 4, 2012, pp. 567-577. doi: 10.1007/s10295-011-1037-1
20. Annamalai, S. K.; Arunachalam, K. D.; and Sathyanarayanan, K. S., “Production and Characterization of Bio Caulk by Bacillus pasteurii and Its Remediation Properties with Carbon Nano Tubes on Concrete Fractures and Fissures,” Materials Research Bulletin, V. 47, No. 11, 2012, pp. 3362-3368. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2012.07.024
21. Wang, J. Y.; Snoeck, D.; Van Vlierberghe, S.; Verstraete, W.; and De Belie, N., “Application of Hydrogel Encapsulated Carbonate Precipitating Bacteria for Approaching a Realistic Self-Healing in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 68, 2014, pp. 110-119. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.06.018
22. Wang, J. Y.; Soens, H.; Verstraete, W.; and De Belie, N., “Self-Healing Concrete by Use of Microencapsulated Bacterial Spores,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 56, 2014, pp. 139-152. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.11.009
23. Harbottle, M. J.; Zhang, J.; and Gardner, D. R., “Combined Physical and Biological Gel-Based Healing of Cementitious Materials,” Proceedings, Fourth International Conference on Self-Healing Materials (ICSHM 2013), Ghent, Belgium, 2013.
24. Palin, D., “Bacteria-Based Agent for Self-Healing Marine Concrete,” Proceedings, Fifth International Conference on Self-Healing Materials (ICSHM 2015), Durham, NC, 2015.
25. Wang, J.; Mignon, A.; Snoeck, D.; Wiktor, V.; Van Vliergerghe, S.; Boon, N.; and Belie, N. D., “Application of Modified-Alginate Encapsulated Carbonate Producing Bacteria in Concrete: A Promising Strategy for Crack Self-Healing,” Frontiers in Microbiology, V. 6, No. 1088, 2015, pp. 1-14. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01088
26. McMullan, G.; Christie, J. M.; Rahman, T. J.; Banat, I. M.; Ternan, N. G.; and Marchant, R., “Habitat, Applications and Genomics of the Aerobic, Thermophilic Genus Geobacillus,” Biochemical Society Transactions, V. 32, No. 2, 2004, pp. 214-217. doi: 10.1042/bst0320214
27. Watanabe, T.; Furukawa, S.; Hirata, J.; Koyama, T.; Ogihara, H.; and Yamasaki, M., “Inactivation of Geobacillus Stearothermophilus Spores by High-Pressure Carbon Dioxide Treatment,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, V. 69, No. 12, 2003, pp. 7124-7129. doi: 10.1128/AEM.69.12.7124-7129.2003
28. Zeigler, D. R., “The Geobacillus Paradox: Why Is a Thermophilic Bacterial Genus So Prevalent on a Mesophilic Planet?,” Microbiology, V. 160, No. 1, 2014, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.071696-0
29. Stuckrath, C.; Serpell, R.; Valenzuela, L. M.; and Lopez, M., “Quantification of Chemical and Biological Calcium Carbonate Precipitation: Performance of Self-Healing in Reinforced Mortar Containing Chemical Admixtures,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 50, 2014, pp. 10-15. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.005
30. Gorospe, C. M.; Han, S.-H.; Kim, S.-G.; Park, J.-Y.; Kang, C.-H.; Jeong, J.-H.; and So, J.-S., “Effects of Different Calcium Salts on Calcium Carbonate Crystal Formation by Sporosarcina Pasteurii KCTC 3558,” Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering; BBE, V. 18, No. 5, 2013, pp. 903-908. doi: 10.1007/s12257-013-0030-0
31. Jamilu, U., “Performance of Ternary Blended Cement Mortar Containing Palm Oil Fuel Ash and Metakaolin,” PhD thesis, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Johor, Malaysia, 2016.