Title:
Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in Closure Pours over Piers
Author(s):
H. Celik Ozyildirim, Evelina Khakimova, Harikrishnan Nair, and Gail M. Moruza
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
397-406
Keywords:
closure pour; crack width; fiber-reinforced concrete; polypropylene fibers; polyvinyl alcohol fibers; steel fibers
DOI:
10.14359/51689561
Date:
5/1/2017
Abstract:
Cracks in concrete, high permeability, or leaking bridge joints facilitate the penetration of chloride solutions, resulting in extensive corrosion damage. Joints can be eliminated by constructing continuous decks or closure pours, and infiltration through concrete can be minimized by using low-permeability concrete and fiberreinforced concrete (FRC) that controls cracks. This study investigated low-permeability FRCs with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polypropylene (PP), or steel (S) fibers to control cracking in closure pours. Large volumes of suitable fibers used in FRC enable high residual strengths and deflection hardening behavior. Generally, in these concretes, multiple tight cracks (less than 0.004 in. [0.1 mm] wide) occur, which resist the ingress of harmful solutions. In two bridges on I-64 near Covington, VA, closure pours with FRCs were placed. The initial results indicate, in general, no or tight cracking in FRCs with PVA, PP, or S fibers. Deflection hardening did not occur in all mixtures; however, the tight cracks observed were attributed to the addition of fibers and the presence of primary reinforcement.
Related References:
1. Ozyildirim, C., “HPC Bridge Decks in Virginia,” Concrete International, V. 21, No. 2, Feb. 1999, pp. 59-60.
2. ACI Committee 544, “Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.1R-96),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996, 63 pp.
3. Balaguru, P., “Contribution of Fibers to Crack Reduction of Cement Composites during the Initial and Final Setting Period,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 91, No. 3, May-June 1994, pp. 280-288.
4. Mindess, S., and Banthia, N., “Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites: Current Practice and Future Prospects,” Concrete Technology: Past, Present, and Future, SP-144, P. K. Mehta, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1994, pp. 416-446.
5. Naaman, A. E., “New Fiber Technology,” Concrete International, V. 20, No. 7, July 1998, pp. 57-62.
6. Ozyildirim, C.; Moen, C.; and Hladky, S., “Investigation of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Use in Transportation Structures,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1574, 1997, pp. 63-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1574-09
7. Naaman, A. E., “Deflection-Softening and Deflection-Hardening FRC Composites : Characterization and Modeling,” Deflection and Stiffness Issues in FRC and Thin Structural Elements, SP-248, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2007, pp. 53-66.
8. Wang, K.; Jansen, D. C.; Shah, S.; and Karr, A. F., “Permeability Study of Cracked Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 27, No. 3, 1997, pp. 381-393. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00031-8
9. Lawler, J. S.; Zampini, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Permeability of Cracked Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Mortar Under Load,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 99, No. 4, July-Aug. 2002, pp. 379-392.
10. Blunt, J. D., and Ostertag, C. P., “Deflection Hardening and Workability of Hybrid Fiber Composites,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 106, No. 3, May-June 2009, pp. 265-272.
11. Mobasher, B.; Yao, Y.; and Soranakom, C., “Analytical Solutions for Flexural Design of Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 100, 2015, pp. 164-177. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.06.006
12. Lee, S.-C.; Cho, J.-Y.; and Vecchio, F. J., “Tension-Stiffening Model for Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Containing Conventional Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 4, July-Aug. 2013, pp. 639-648.
13. Tiberti, G.; Minelli, F.; Plizzari, A. G.; and Vecchio, F. J., “Influence of Concrete Strength on Crack Development in SFRC Members,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 45, Oct. 2014, pp. 176-185. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.004
14. Bischoff, P. H., “Tension Stiffening and Cracking of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 15, No. 2, 2003, pp. 174-182. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:2(174)
15. Kosmatka, S. H., and Wilson, M. L., Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures, 15th edition, 2011, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL.
16. Ozyildirim, C., and Vieira, M., “Laboratory Investigation of High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites for Crack Control in Highway Structures,” Proceedings of the 2008 Concrete Bridge Conference, St. Louis, MO, May 2008.
17. Sahmaran, S., and Li, V., “Engineered Cementitious Composites: Can Composites Be Accepted as Crack-Free Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2164, 2010.
18. Li, V. C., and Lepech, M. D., “Application of ECC for Bridge Deck Link Slabs,” Materials and Structures, V. 42, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1185-1195. doi: 10.1617/s11527-009-9544-5
19. Sprinkel, M. M., Very-Early-Strength Latex-Modified-Concrete Overlay. In Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1668, 2014, pp. 18-23.
20. Babaei, K., and Fouladgar, A. M., “Solutions to Concrete Bridge Deck Cracking,” Concrete International, V. 19, No. 7, July 1997, pp. 34-37.