Title:
Effect of Fiber Hybridization on Basic Mechanical Properties of Concrete
Author(s):
Stamatina G. Chasioti and Frank J. Vecchio
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
375-384
Keywords:
direct tension; dog-bone specimen; four-point bending; hybrid steel fiber-reinforced concrete; synergy
DOI:
10.14359/51689479
Date:
5/1/2017
Abstract:
In recognition of the gradual and multi-scale process of cracking, this paper investigates the beneficial effects of fiber hybridization on the basic mechanical properties of concrete. Allowing for these benefits in the mechanical performance may potentially lead to reduced production and construction costs. An experimental investigation was undertaken involving normal-strength concrete in which two types of steel fibers were used: high-strength straight steel microfibers with a length of 13 mm (0.51 in.), and hooked-end macrofibers with a length of 30 mm (1.18 in.). Comparisons between hybrid steel fiber-reinforced concrete (HySFRC) specimens and monofiber counterparts with the same total volumetric ratio highlight its superior performance. Synergy in compression is identified by an enhanced confinement mechanism, in tension by improved post-cracking resistance at both low and high crack openings, and in bending through enhanced fracture toughness. Additionally, a variant of the dogbone-type specimen for tests in direct tension was developed. The novel configuration is more suitable for concrete containing fibers and it is easy to construct and test.
Related References:
1. Balaguru, P. N., and Shah, S. P., Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites, McGraw Hill, New York, 1992.
2. Fischer, G., and Li, V. C., “Effect of Fiber Reinforcement on the Response of Structural Members,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, V. 74, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 258-272. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.01.027
3. Banthia, N., and Sappakittipakorn, M., “Toughness Enhancement in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Through Fiber Hybridisation,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 9, 2007, pp. 1366-1372. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.05.005
4. Bentur, A., and Mindess, S., Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites, Elsevier Applied Science, London, UK, 1990.
5. Xu, G.; Magnani, S.; and Hannant, D. J., “Durability of Hybrid Polypropylene-Glass Fiber Cement Corrugated Sheets,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 20, No. 1, 1998, pp. 79-84. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(97)00075-9
6. Shah, S. P., “Do Fibers Increase the Tensile Strength of Cement-Based Matrices?” ACI Materials Journal, V. 88, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1991, pp. 595-602.
7. Lawler, J. S.; Zampini, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Microfiber and Macrofiber Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 17, No. 5, 2005, pp. 595-604. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:5(595)
8. Wang, D. Z., “Analysis of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Truss Models,” MASc thesis, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2014.
9. Chasioti, S. G., and Vecchio, F. J., “Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels in Shear: Experimental Investigation,” Proceedings of HPFRCC7, Stuttgart, Germany, 2015.
10. Plizzari, G. A.; Cangiano, S.; and Cere, N., “Postpeak Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete under Cyclic Tensile Loads,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 97, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2000, pp. 182-192.
11. Markovic, I.; Walraven, J. C.; and van Mier, J. G. M., “Experimental Evaluation of Fibre Pullout from Plain and Fibre Reinforced Concrete,” Proceedings of HPFRCC4, Ann Arbor, MI, 2003.
12. Banthia, N., “A Study of Some Factors Affecting the Fiber-Matrix Bond in Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 17, No. 4, 1990, pp. 610-620. doi: 10.1139/l90-069
13. Betterman, L. R.; Ouyang, C.; and Shah, S. P., “Fiber-Matrix Interaction in Microfiber-Reinforced Mortar,” Advanced Cement Based Materials, V. 2, No. 2, 1995, pp. 53-61. doi: 10.1016/1065-7355(95)90025-X
14. Fantilli, A. P.; Mihashi, H.; and Nishiwaki, T., “Tailoring Hybrid Strain Hardening Cementitious Composites,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 111, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2014, pp. 211-218. doi: 10.14359/51686563
15. Qian, C. X., and Stroeven, P., “Development of Hybrid Polypropylene-Steel Fibre-Reinforced Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 1, 2000, pp. 63-69. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00202-1
16. Banthia, N., and Soleimani, S. M., “Flexural Response of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 102, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2005, pp. 382-389.
17. Pereira, E. B.; Fischer, G.; and Barros, J. A. O., “Effect of Hybrid Fiber Reinforcement on the Cracking Process in Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 10, 2012, pp. 1114-1123. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.08.004
18. Banthia, N.; Majdzadeh, F.; Wu, J.; and Bindiganavile, V., “Fiber Synergy in Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HyFRC) in Flexure and Direct Shear,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 48, 2014, pp. 91-97. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.10.018
19. Chasioti, S. G., and Vecchio, F. J., “Shear Behavior and Crack Control Characteristics of Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Panels,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2017, pp. 209-220. doi: 10.14359/51689164
20. CSA A23.1-09/A23.2-09, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction/Test Methods and Standard Practices for Concrete,” Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2009, 674 pp.
21. ASTM C39/C39M-17, “Standard Test Method for Compression Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, 8 pp.
22. ASTM C1609/C1609M-12, “Standard Test Methods for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 9 pp.
23. Naaman, A. E., and Reinhardt, H. W., “Proposed Classification of HPFRC Composites Based on Their Tensile Response,” Materials and Structures, V. 39, No. 5, 2007, pp. 547-555. doi: 10.1617/s11527-006-9103-2
24. Benson, S. D. P., and Karihaloo, B. L., “CARDIFRC—Development and Mechanical Properties. Part III: Uniaxial Tensile Response and Other Mechanical Properties,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 8, 2005, pp. 433-443. doi: 10.1680/macr.2005.57.8.433
25. Wille, K.; El-Tawil, S.; and Naaman, A. E., “Properties of Strain Hardening Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete (UHP-FRC) Under Direct Tensile Loading,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 48, 2014, pp. 53-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.12.015
26. Van Mier, J. G. M., Fracture Processes of Concrete, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
27. Van Vliet, M. R. A., “Size Effect in Tensile Fracture of Concrete and Rock,” PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, the Netherlands, 2000.
28. Pantazopoulou, S. J., and Zanganeh, M., “Triaxial Tests of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 13, No. 5, 2001, pp. 340-348. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:5(340)
29. Pantazopoulou, S. J., and Mills, R. H., “Microstructural Aspects of the Mechanical response of Plain Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1995, pp. 602-616.
30. Rambo, D. A. S.; Silva, F. A.; and Filho, R. D. T., “Effect of Steel Fiber Hybridization on the Fracture Behavior of Self-Consolidating Concretes,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 54, 2014, pp. 100-109. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.02.004
31. Neville, A. M., Properties of Concrete, fourth and final edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1996, pp. 581-594.
32. Gonnermann, H., “Effect of Size and Shape of Test Specimen on Compressive Strength of Concrete,” Proceedings of ASTM International, V. 25, 1925, pp. 237-250.
33. Day, R., “Strength Measurement of Concrete Using Different Cylinder Sizes: A Statistical Analysis,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 16, No. 1, 1994, pp. 21-30. doi: 10.1520/CCA10557J
34. Mansur, M., and Islam, M., “Interpretation of Concrete Strength for Nonstandard Specimens,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 14, No. 2, 2002, pp. 151-155. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2002)14:2(151)
35. Mindess, S., and Young, J., Concrete, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1981.
36. Graybeal, B., and Davis, M., “Cylinder or Cube: Strength Testing of 80 to 200 MPa (11.6 to 29 ksi) Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2008, pp. 603-609.
37. Aslani, F., “Effects of Specimen Size and Shape on Compressive and Tensile Strengths of Self-Compacting Concrete with or without Fibres,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 65, No. 15, 2013, pp. 914-929. doi: 10.1680/macr.13.00016
38. Rossi, P.; Acker, P.; and Malier, Y., “Effect of Steel Fibres at Two Different Stages: The Material and The Structure,” Materials and Structures, V. 20, No. 6, 1987, pp. 436-439. doi: 10.1007/BF02472494
39. Collins, M. P., and Mitchell, D., Prestressed Concrete Structures, Response Publications, Canada, 1997, pp. 57-120.
40. Blunt, J. D., and Ostertag, C. P., “Deflection Hardening and Workability of Hybrid Fiber Composites,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 106, No. 3, May-June 2009, pp. 265-272.