Title:
Prediction of Basic Creep of Concrete—Semi-Empirical Model Based on Adaptive Link Mechanism
Author(s):
Shatabdi Mallick, M. B. Anoop, and K. Balaji Rao
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
29-39
Keywords:
adaptive link mechanism; basic creep; creep compliance; modeling error
DOI:
10.14359/51689474
Date:
1/1/2017
Abstract:
Creep of concrete affects the safety and serviceability of reinforced and prestressed concrete structures and structural elements. In the present study, a semi-empirical model is proposed for predicting basic creep compliance of concrete, which is based on the concept of adaptive link mechanism. The creep behavior of concrete is described by means of formation, breakage, and reformation of two types of links: Type I and Type II. The model is formulated as a function of evolution of these links with time. The coefficients associated with the model are determined through regression analysis of results of experimental investigations reported by various investigators. The predictions made using the model are found to be better than those of the fib MC2010 model and B3 model. The model predictions are also compared with the experimental data, which are not used in the regression analysis. Results obtained from the comparative study are satisfactory, indicating that the proposed model can be used for predicting the basic creep compliance of concrete for any concrete mixture proportion within the parameter range considered.
Related References:
1. ACI Committee 209, “Guide for Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete (ACI 209.2R-08),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 44 pp.
2. Bažant, Z. P., and Baweja, S., “Creep and Shrinkage Prediction Model for Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures: Model B3,” Adam Neville Symposium: Creep and Shrinkage-Structural Design Effects, SP-194, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2000, pp. 1-83.
3. fib, “fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010,” Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, Germany, 2013.
4. Gardner, N. J., and Lockman, M. J., “Design Provisions for Drying Shrinkage and Creep and Normal-Strength Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 98, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2001, pp. 159-167.
5. Bažant, Z. P.; Hubler, M. H.; and Yu, Q., “Pervasiveness of Excessive Segmental Bridge Deflections: A Wake-Up Call for Creep,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 108, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2011, pp. 766-774.
6. Drozdov, A. D., Mechanics of Viscoelastic Solids, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, England, 1998, 484 pp.
7. Bažant, Z. P., and Li, G.-H., “Comprehensive Database on Concrete Creep and Shrinkage,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 106, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2008, pp. 635-638.
8. Lynam, C. G., Growth and Movement in Portland Cement Concrete, Oxford University Press, 1934.
9. Glanville, W. H., and Thomas, F. G., “Further Investigations on the Creep or Flow of Concrete under Load,” Building Research Technical Paper No. 21, 1939.
10. Neville, A. M., Creep of Concrete: Plain, Reinforced, and Prestressed, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 1970, 622 pp.
11. Freyssinet, E., Etudes sur les Deformations Lentes des Ciments et du Beton, Paris, France, 1936.
12. Freyssinet, E., “The Deformation of Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 3, No. 8, 1951, pp. 49-56. doi: 10.1680/macr.1951.3.8.49
13. Thomas, F. G., “Creep of Concrete under Load,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1937.
14. Arnstein, A., and Reiner, M., “Creep of Cement, Cement Mortar and Concrete,” Civil Engineering & Public Works Review, V. 40, 1945, 198 pp.
15. Bažant, Z. P., and Prasannan, S., “Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep. I: Formulation,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 115, No. 8, 1989, pp. 1691-1703. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:8(1691)
16. Bažant, Z. P.; Hauggaard, A. B.; Baweja, S.; and Ulm, F.-J., “Microprestress-Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep. I: Aging and Drying Effects,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 123, No. 11, 1997, pp. 1188-1194. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:11(1188)
17. Suter, M., and Benipal, G. S., “Constitutive Model for Aging Thermoviscoelasticity of Reacting Concrete I: Theoretical Formulation,” Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, V. 14, No. 3, 2010, pp. 277-290. doi: 10.1007/s11043-010-9106-9
18. Suter, M., and Benipal, G. S., “Constitutive Model for Aging Thermoviscoelasticity of Reacting Concrete II: Results and Discussion,” Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, V. 14, No. 3, 2010, pp. 291-305. doi: 10.1007/s11043-010-9107-8
19. Thomas, J. J., and Jennings, H. M., “A Colloidal Interpretation of Chemical Aging of the C-S-H Gel and its Effects on the Properties of Cement Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 1, 2006, pp. 30-38. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.022
20. Suter, M., and Benipal, G. S., “Time-Dependent Behaviour of Reacting Concrete I: Mechanism and Theory,” Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, V. 10, No. 1, 2006, pp. 51-62. doi: 10.1007/s11043-006-9008-z
21. Suter, M., and Benipal, G. S., “Time-Dependent Behaviour of Reacting Concrete II: Application and Discussion,” Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, V. 10, No. 1, 2006, pp. 63-81. doi: 10.1007/s11043-006-9012-3
22. Vandamme, M., and Ulm, F.-J., “Nanoindentation Investigation of Creep Properties of Calcium Silicate Hydrates,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 52, 2013, pp. 38-52. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.05.006
23. Taylor, H. F. W., Cement Chemistry, Thomas Telford, London, UK, 1997.
24. Bullard, J. W.; Jennings, H. M.; Livingston, R. A.; Nonat, A.; Scherer, G. W.; Schweitzer, J. S.; Scrivener, K. L.; and Thomas, J. J., “Mechanism of Cement Hydration,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 12, 2011, pp. 1208-1223. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.09.011
25. van Breugel, K., “Simulation of Hydration and Formation of Structure in Hardening Cement Based Materials,” doctoral thesis, Delft University, Delft, the Netherlands, 1991.
26. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-08) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2008, 473 pp.
27. Oluokun, F. A.; Burdette, E. G.; and Deatherage, J. H., “Elastic Modulus, Poisson’s Ratio, and Compressive Strength Relationships at Early Ages,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 88, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1991, pp. 3-10.
28. Papadakis, V. G.; Antiohos, S.; and Tsimas, S., “Supplementary Cementing Materials in Concrete Part II: A Fundamental Estimation of the Efficiency Factor,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 10, 2002, pp. 1533-1538. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00829-3
29. Jirásek, M., and Havlásek, P., “Accurate Approximations of Concrete Creep Compliance Functions Based on Continuous Retardation Spectra,” Computers & Structures, V. 135, 2014, pp. 155-168. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2014.01.024
30. Ulm, F.-J.; Le Maou, F.; and Boulay, C., “Creep and Shrinkage of Concrete—Kinetics Approach,” Adam Neville Symposium: Creep and Shrinkage-Structural Design Effects, SP-194, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2000, pp. 135-154.
31. Jordaan, I. J., “Models for Creep of Concrete, with Special Emphasis on Probabilistic Aspects,” Materials and Structures, V. 13, 1980, pp. 29-40.
32. Laplante, P., “Mechanical Properties of Hardening Concrete: A Comparative Analysis of Classical and High Strength Concretes,” PhD thesis, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chausse’es, Paris, France, 1993. (in French)
33. Briffaut, M.; Benboudjema, F.; Torrenti, J.-M.; and Nahas, G., “Concrete Early Age Basic Creep: Experiments and Test of Rheological Modelling Approaches,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 36, 2012, pp. 373-380. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.04.101
34. Rossi, P.; Tailhan, J.-L.; Le Maou, F.; Gaillet, L.; and Martin, E., “Basic Creep Behavior of Concretes Investigation of the Physical Mechanisms by Using Acoustic Emission,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 42, No. 1, 2012, pp. 61-73. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.07.011
35. Rossi, P.; Tailhan, J.-L.; and Le Maou, F., “Creep Strain versus Residual Strain of a Concrete Loaded under Various Levels of Compressive Stress,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 51, 2013, pp. 32-37. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2013.04.005
36. Ranaivomanana, N.; Multon, S.; and Turatsinze, S., “Basic Creep of Concrete under Compression, Tension and Bending,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 38, 2013, pp. 173-180. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.024