Title:
Self-Prestressing Using Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy for Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams
Author(s):
Hothifa Rojob and Raafat El-Hacha
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
523-532
Keywords:
anchorage; fiber-reinforced polymers; flexural strengthening; iron-based shape memory alloys; near-surface-mounted
DOI:
10.14359/51689455
Date:
3/1/2017
Abstract:
The behavior of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with nearsurface-mounted (NSM) iron-based shape memory alloy (Fe-SMA) bars was studied. Because there were no jacking tools used to apply the prestressing force, this technique was called self-prestressing. The prestrained Fe-SMA bar was anchored inside a precut groove at the tension side of the RC beam (2000 x 305 x 150 mm [78.7 x 12.0 x 5.9 in.]). The bar was then activated through heating above 300ºC (572ºF), causing a prestressing force in the bar. The beam was then tested under four-point bending setup to failure. The results revealed a significant increase in the yielding and ultimate load capacities. Unlike the prestressed FRP strengthening techniques, the ductility of the beam was significantly improved due to the yielding nature of the Fe-SMA material.
Related References:
1. ASCE, “2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure,” http://www.infrastructurereportcard.org, 2013. (last accessed June 2014)
2. FHWA, “Deficient Bridges by State and Highway System 2013,” http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/, 2014. (last accessed Oct. 2014)
3. Transport Canada, “Transportation in Canada 2011, comprehensive report,” http://www.tc.gc.ca/eng/policy/report-aca-anre2011-index-3010.htm, 2012. (last accessed March 2015)
4. Baky, H. A.; Ebead, U. A.; and Neale, K. W., “Flexural and Interfacial Behavior of FRP-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 11, No. 6, 2007, pp. 629-639. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2007)11:6(629)
5. El-Hacha, R., and Rizkalla, S. H., “Near-Surface-Mounted Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforcements for Flexural Strengthening of Concrete Structures,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 101, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2004, pp. 717-726.
6. Lamanna, A. J.; Bank, L. C.; and Scott, D. W., “Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Fasteners and Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Strips,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 98, No. 3, May-June 2001, pp. 368-376.
7. El-Hacha, R., and Soudki, K., “Prestressed Near-Surface-Mounted Fibre Reinforced Polymer Reinforcement for Concrete Structures—A Review,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 40, No. 11, 2013, pp. 1127-1139. doi: 10.1139/cjce-2013-0063
8. Nordin, H., and Taljsten, B., “Concrete Beams Strengthened with Prestressed Near Surface Mounted CFRP,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 10, No. 1, 2006, pp. 60-68. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2006)10:1(60)
9. El-Hacha, R.; Wight, R. G.; and Green, M. F., “Prestressed Fibre-Reinforced Polymer Laminates for Strengthening Structures,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, V. 3, No. 2, 2001, pp. 111-121. doi: 10.1002/pse.76
10. El-Hacha, R., and Gaafar, M., “Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Using Prestressed, Near-Surface-Mounted CFRP Bars,” PCI Journal, V. 56, No. 4, 2011, pp. 134-151. doi: 10.15554/pcij.09012011.134.151
11. Hadiseraji, M., and El-Hacha, R., “Flexural Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Prestressed Externally Bonded CFRP Sheets,” 5th International Conference on Concrete Repair-Concrete Solutions, Belfast, UK, Sept. 2014, pp. 273-277.
12. Wight, R. G.; El-Hacha, R.; and Erki, M. A., “Prestressed and Non-prestressed CFRP Sheet Strengthening: Damaged Continuous Reinforced Concrete Beams,” International Journal of Materials & Product Technology, V. 19, No. 1/2, 2003, pp. 96-107. doi: 10.1504/IJMPT.2003.003550
13. El-Hacha, R.; Wight, G.; and Green, M., “Innovative System for Prestressing Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Sheets,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 100, No. 3, May-June 2003, pp. 305-313.
14. Badawi, M., and Soudki, K., “Flexural Strengthening of RC Beams with Prestressed NSM CFRP Rods—Experimental and Analytical Investigation,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 10, 2009, pp. 3292-3300. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.03.005
15. Cismasiu, C., Shape Memory Alloys, Sciyo, Rijeka, Croatia, 2010.
16. Lagoudas, D. C., Shape Memory Alloys, Modeling and Engineering Applications, Springer Science, Berlin, Germany, 2008.
17. Buehler, W. J.; Gilfrich, J. V.; and Wiley, R. C., “Effect of Low-Temperature Phase Changes on the Mechanical Properties of Alloys near Composition TiNi,” Journal of Applied Physics, V. 34, No. 5, 1963, pp. 1475-1477. doi: 10.1063/1.1729603
18. Jackson, C.; Wagner, H.; and Wasilewski, R., “55-Nitinol-The Alloy with a Memory: It’s Physical Metallurgy Properties and Applications,” NASA SP-5110. NASA, Technology Utilization Office, http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972NASSP5110, 1972. (accessed Sept. 2015)
19. Paul, N., and Nanda, R., “Shape Memory Alloy as Retrofitting Application in Historical Buildings and Monuments—A Review in Indian Perspective,” International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, V. 4, No. 1, 2013, pp. 117-125.
20. Awaji Materia Co, “Shape Memory Alloys, Characteristics and Applications of Fe-Mn-Si-Based Shape Memory Alloys,” http://www.awaji-m.jp/english/r_and_d/about.html#alloy, 2014. (last accessed Jan. 2014)
21. Li, K.; Dong, Z.; Liu, Y.; and Zhang, L., “A Newly Developed Fe-Based Shape Memory Alloy Suitable for Smart Civil Engineering,” Smart Materials and Structures, V. 22, No. 4, 2013, p. 045002 doi: 10.1088/0964-1726/22/4/045002
22. Dong, Z.; Klotz, U.; Leinenbach, C.; Bergamini, A.; Czaderski, C.; and Motavalli, M., “A Novel Fe-Mn-Si Shape Memory Alloy with Improved Shape Recovery Properties by VC Precipitation,” Advanced Engineering Materials, V. 11, No. 1-2, 2009, pp. 40-44. doi: 10.1002/adem.200800312
23. DoITPoMS, “Superelasticity and Shape Memory Alloys. Teaching and Learning Packages,” University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/, 2009. (last accessed Sept. 2014)
24. Song, G.; Ma, N.; and Li, H., “Applications of Shape Memory Alloys in Civil Structures,” Engineering Structures, V. 28, No. 9, 2006, pp. 1266-1274. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.12.010
25. Wang, D. F.; Chen, Y. R.; Gong, F. Y.; Liu, D. Z.; and Liu, W. X., “The Effect of Thermomechanical Training on the Microstructure of Fe-Mn-Si Shape Memory Alloy,” Journal of Physics, V. 5, 1995, pp. 527-530.
26. Cladera, A.; Weber, B.; Leinenbach, C.; Czaderski, C.; Shahverdi, M.; and Motavalli, M., “Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloys for Civil Engineering Structures: An Overview,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 63, 2014, pp. 281-293. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.04.032
27. Soroushian, P.; Ostowari, K.; Nossoni, A.; and Chowdhury, H., “Repair and Strengthening of Concrete Structures through Application of Corrective Posttensioning Forces with Shape Memory Alloys,” Transportation Research Record, V. 1770, 2001, pp. 20-26. doi: 10.3141/1770-03
28. Czaderski, C.; Shahverdi, M.; Brönnimann, R.; Leinenbach, C.; and Motavalli, M., “Feasibility of Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy Strips for Prestressed Strengthening of Concrete Structures,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 56, 2014, pp. 94-105. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.069
29. CSA Group, “Concrete Materials and Methods of Concrete Construction: Methods of Test and Standard Practices for Concrete (CSA A23.3-04),” CSA International, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2004.
30. Hilti Canada, “Kwik Bolt 3 Carbon Steel, Expansion Anchor,” www.hilti.ca, 2014. (last accessed Aug. 2014)
31. Sika Inc., “Product Data Sheet: Sikadur 32,” https://can.sika.com/, 2012. (last accessed May 2014)
32. Hashemi, S., “Strengthening of Concrete Structures Using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers and Cement-Based Adhesives,” PhD thesis, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia, 2011.
33. Rojob, H., and El-Hacha, R., “Ductility Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened in Flexure with NSM Iron-Based Shape Memory Alloy Bars,” Third Conference on Smart Monitoring, Assessment and Rehabilitation of Civil Structures, Antalya, Turkey, Sept. 2015.
34. Re-fer Strengthening Solutions, “Re-fer Bars Applied in Cementitious Matrix,” http://www.re-fer.eu/, 2015. (last accessed Jan. 2016)