Title:
Cyclic Testing of Reinforced Concrete Double Walls
Author(s):
Alper Aldemir, Baris Binici, and Erdem Canbay
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
395-406
Keywords:
cyclic tests; double wall; shear walls
DOI:
10.14359/51689432
Date:
3/1/2017
Abstract:
Reinforced concrete double walls are semi-precast structural elements constructed with factory-produced concrete shells on two exterior sides and cast-in-place concrete in the middle of the section. Their use has been limited in seismic zones due to the difficulty of connecting the adjacent double walls for monolithic action, and providing suitable seismic details in the presence of the lattice girder that is used to hold the concrete shells together. These limitations were overcome with the invention of discrete stainless steel connector ties with wave-shaped webs that can be used to connect the two concrete shells efficiently. This study presents experimental results on the reversed cyclic testing of reinforced concrete double walls constructed with the aforementioned ties, for the first time in the literature. Four experiments were conducted on double walls with rectangular, U-, and T-sections. Test results were evaluated in terms of strength, ductility, stiffness, and energy dissipation characteristics. The results obtained demonstrate the ability of double walls to sustain reversed cyclic displacement demands with significant ductility.
Related References:
1. fib, “Seismic Design of Precast Concrete Building Structures: State-of-Art Report” fib Bulletin 27, 2003, 262 pp.
2. Schnell, J., and Abramski, M., “Push-out Versuche an Sandwichwänden ohne Wärmedämmung mit Kap-Wellträger als Verbundmittel,” Report No. 09051Ab/538, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
3. Han, L.-H.; Tao, Z.; Huang, H.; and Zhao, X.-L., “Concrete-Filled Double Skin (SHS Outer and CHS Inner) Steel Tubular Beam-Columns,” Thin-Walled Structures, V. 42, No. 9, 2004, pp. 1329-1355. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2004.03.017
4. Bush, T. D., and Stine, G. L., “Flexural Behaviour of Composite Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels with Continuous Truss Connectors,” PCI Journal, V. 39, No. 2, 1994, pp. 112-121. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03011994.112.121
5. PCI Committee on Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels, “State of the Art of Precast/Prestressed Sandwich Wall Panels,” PCI Journal, V. 42, No. 2, 1997, pp. 92-133.
6. Salmon, D. C.; Einea, M. K.; Tadros, A.; and Culp, T. D., “Full Scale Testing of Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. 4, July-Aug. 1997, pp. 354-362.
7. Naito, C.; Hoemann, J.; Beacraft, M.; and Bewick, B., “Performance and Characterization of Shear Ties for Use in Insulated Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 138, No. 1, 2012, pp. 52-61. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000430
8. Gara, F.; Ragni, L.; Roia, D.; and Dezi, L., “Experimental Tests and Numerical Modelling of Wall Sandwich Panels,” Engineering Structures, V. 37, 2012, pp. 193-204. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.12.027
9. Demeter, I.; György, T. N.; Stoian, V.; Daescu, C. A.; and Dan, D., “Seismic Performance of Precast RC Wall Panels with Cut-Out Openings,” 14th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Aug. 2010, Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia.
10. Pavese, A., and Bournas, D. A., “Experimental Assessment of the Seismic Performance of a Prefabricated Concrete Structural Wall System,” Engineering Structures, V. 33, No. 6, 2011, pp. 2049-2062. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.043
11. Cheok, G. S., and Lew, H. S., “Model Precast Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections Subject to Cyclic Loading,” PCI Journal, V. 38, No. 4, 1993, pp. 80-92. doi: 10.15554/pcij.07011993.80.92
12. Loo, Y. C., and Yao, B. Z., “Static and Repeated Load Tests on Precast Concrete Beam-to-Column Connections,” PCI Journal, V. 42, No. 2, 1997, pp. 106-115.
13. Zenunovic, D., and Folic, R., “Models for Behaviour Analysis of Monolithic Wall and Precast or Monolithic Floor Slab Connections,” Engineering Structures, V. 40, 2012, pp. 466-478. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.03.007
14. Ji, X.; Jiang, F.; and Qian, J., “Seismic Behavior of Steel Tube-Double Steel Plate-Concrete Composite Walls: Experimental Tests,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, V. 86, 2013, pp. 17-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.03.011
15. Nie, J. G.; Hu, H. S.; Fan, J. S.; Tao, M. X.; Li, S. Y.; and Liu, F. J., “Experimental Study on Seismic Behaviour of High-Strength Concrete Filled Double-Steel-Plate Composite Walls,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, V. 88, 2013, pp. 206-219. doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.05.001
16. Woltman, G.; Tomlinson, D.; and Fam, A., “Investigation of Various GFRP Shear Connectors for Insulated Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 17, No. 5, 2013, pp. 711-721. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000373
17. Turkish Seismic Code (TEC2007), “Specification for Buildings to be Built in Seismic Zones,” Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, 2007, 159 pp.
18. European Technical Assessment (ETA), “Kappema Composite Wall: Precast Concrete Composite Wall with Point Connectors (ETA15/0224),” ETA-Danmark, AS, 2011.
19. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements, Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
20. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), “Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings,” (ASCE/SEI 41 – Supplement 1)” ASCE, Reston, VA, 2007.