Title:
Fatigue Behavior of Partially Composite-Insulated Concrete Sandwich Walls
Author(s):
Nathan Teixeira and Amir Fam
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
114
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
125-136
Keywords:
axial load; basalt fiber-reinforced polymer; composite action; cyclic; fatigue; insulated; sandwich wall; shear connector
DOI:
10.14359/51689153
Date:
1/1/2017
Abstract:
Seven fatigue tests were performed on four precast insulated sandwich panels with either steel or basalt fiber-reinforced polymer (BFRP) flexural reinforcement and shear connectors. Cyclic bending was conducted at two loading amplitudes: high (Pdef) and low (Pstr), representing serviceability limits for deflection and stress, respectively; both were considerably higher than the maximum national wind load. The effect of a moderate axial load, as in load-bearing walls, was examined. The panels initially had a degree of composite action (DCA) of 76 to 84%. The axially loaded steel-reinforced panel achieved 1 million cycles under Pstr, then another 1 million under Pdef. Its DCA reduced to 73, then 65%. Without axial load, 1 and 0.24 million cycles were achieved under Pstr and Pdef, and DCA reduced to 69% and 22%, respectively. The BFRP panel failed at 0.07 million cycles at Pstr. Its DCA reduced from 76 to 69%. It was then axially loaded and retested successfully to 1 million cycles. Stiffness degradations of 12 to 50%—consistent with DCA reductions—were observed.
Related References:
1. PCI Committee on Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels, “State-of-the-Art of Precast/Prestressed Sandwich Wall Panels,” PCI Journal, V. 42, No. 2, 1997, 61 pp.
2. Canadian Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, “Precast Concrete Insulated Sandwich Panel Panels,” Technical Brochure, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2011.
3. PCI Committee on Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels, “State of the Art of Precast/Prestressed Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels,” PCI Journal, V. 56, No. 2, 2011, pp. 131-175.
4. Bai, F., and Davidson, J. S., “Analysis of Partially Composite Foam Insulated Concrete Sandwich Structures,” Engineering Structures, V. 91, 2015, pp. 197-209. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.02.033
5. Salmon, D. C.; Einea, A.; Tadros, M. K.; and Culp, T. D., “Full-Scale Testing of Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 94, No. 4, July-Aug. 1997, pp. 354-362.
6. Woltman, G.; Tomlinson, D.; and Fam, A., “Investigation of Various GFRP Shear Connectors for Insulated Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 17, No. 5, 2013, pp. 711-721. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000373
7. Lee, B.-J., and Pessiki, S., “Design and Analysis of Precast, Prestressed Concrete, Three-Wythe Sandwich Wall Panels,” PCI Journal, V. 52, No. 4, 2007, pp. 70-83. doi: 10.15554/pcij.07012007.70.83
8. Einea, A.; Salmon, D. C.; Tadros, M. K.; and Culp, T. D., “A New Structurally and Thermally Efficient Precast Sandwich Panel System,” PCI Journal, V. 39, No. 4, 1994, pp. 90-101. doi: 10.15554/pcij.07011994.90.101
9. Pessiki, S., and Mlynarczyk, A., “Experimental Evaluation of the Composite Behavior of Precast Concrete Sandwich Wall Panels,” PCI Journal, V. 48, No. 2, 2003, pp. 54-71. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03012003.54.71
10. Bush, T. D. Jr., and Stine, G. L., “Flexural Behavior of Composite Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels with Continuous Truss Connectors,” PCI Journal, V. 39, No. 2, 1994, pp. 112-121. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03011994.112.121
11. Benayoune, A.; Samad, A.; Trikha, D.; Abang Ali, A. A.; and Ashrabov, A. A., “Structural Behaviour of Eccentrically Loaded Precast Sandwich Panels,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 20, No. 9, 2006, pp. 713-724. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.02.002
12. Tomlinson, D., and Fam, A., “Experimental Investigation of Precast Concrete Insulated Sandwich Panels with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Shear Connectors,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 3, 2014, pp. 595-606. doi: 10.14359/51686621
13. Hassan, T. K., and Rizkalla, S. H., “Analysis and Design Guidelines of Precast, Prestressed Concrete, Composite Load-Bearing Sandwich Wall Panels reinforced with CFRP Grid,” PCI Journal, V. 55, No. 2, 2010, pp. 147-162. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03012010.147.162
14. Frankl, B., “Structural Behavior of Insulated Precast Prestressed Concrete Sandwich Panels Reinforced with CFRP Grid,” MSc thesis, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 2008.
15. McCall, W. C., “Thermal Properties of Sandwich Panels,” Concrete International, V. 7, No. 1, Jan. 1985, pp. 35-41.
16. Post, A. W., “Thermal and Fatigue Testing of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Tie Connectors Used in Concrete Sandwich Walls,” MSc thesis, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 2006.
17. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
18. ASTM C39/C39-15, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015, 7 pp.
19. Tomlinson, D. G., “Behaviour of Partially Composite Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels under Flexural and Axial Loads,” PhD thesis, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada, 2015, 339 pp.
20. NBCC, “National Building Code of Canada – Revisions and Errata,” Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Codes, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 2011.
21. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Structural Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-06),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, 83 pp.
22. Tomlinson, D. G., and Fam, A., “Flexural Behavior of Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels with Basalt-FRP and Steel Reinforcement,” PCI Journal, V. 60, No. 6, 2015, pp. 51-71. doi: 10.15554/pcij.11012015.51.71
23. Bentz, E., and Collins, M. P., “Response-2000, V.1.0.5,” University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2000.