Title:
Mechanical Properties of Corrosion-Free and Sustainable Amorphous Metallic Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
Author(s):
Doo-Yeol Yoo, Nemkumar Banthia, Jun-Mo Yang, and Young-Soo Yoon
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
113
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
633-643
Keywords:
amorphous metallic fiber-reinforced concrete; compression; finite element analysis; flexure; fracture energy; tension-softening curve
DOI:
10.14359/51689108
Date:
9/1/2016
Abstract:
This study aims to investigate the compressive and flexural behaviors of amorphous metallic fiber-reinforced concrete according to the water-cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) and fiber content. Three different w/cm (0.6, 0.45, and 0.35) and four different volume fractions of amorphous metallic fibers (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75%) were considered. Test results indicated that higher compressive strength and elastic modulus were obtained with lower w/cm. Strain capacity and post-peak ductility were improved with an increase in the amorphous metallic fiber content. Flexural performances—that is, load-carrying capacity and deflection capacity—and fracture energy increased almost linearly with the reinforcing index. In particular, the concrete with a w/cm of 0.45 (average compressive strength of 44.2 MPa [6.4 ksi]) showed the highest fracture energy for all fiber contents. Finally, a generalized tension-softening curve (TSC) was suggested on the basis of inverse analysis and dimensionless parameters. The predicted values from finite element analyses incorporating the proposed TSC exhibited good agreement with the test results, including the load-carrying capacity, deflection capacity, and post-peak softening response.
Related References:
1. Banthia, N., and Nandakumar, N., “Crack Growth Resistance of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 25, No. 1, 2003, pp. 3-9. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00043-9
2. Banthia, N., and Sheng, J., “Fracture Toughness of Micro-Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 18, No. 4, 1996, pp. 251-269. doi: 10.1016/0958-9465(95)00030-5
3. Park, K.; Paulino, G. H.; and Roesler, J., “Cohesive Fracture Model for Functionally Graded Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 40, No. 6, 2010, pp. 956-965. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2010.02.004
4. Yoo, D. Y.; Lee, J. H.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Effect of Fiber Content on Mechanical and Fracture Properties of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” Composite Structures, V. 106, 2013, pp. 742-753. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.07.033
5. Won, J. P.; Hong, B. T.; Choi, T. J.; Lee, S. J.; and Kang, J. W., “Flexural Behaviour of Amorphous Micro-Steel Fibre-Reinforced Cement Composites,” Composite Structures, V. 94, No. 4, 2012, pp. 1443-1449. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.11.031
6. Yoo, D. Y.; Park, J. J.; Kim, S. W.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Combined Effect of Expansive and Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures on the Properties of Ultra High Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Composite Materials, V. 48, No. 16, 2014, pp. 1981-1991. doi: 10.1177/ 0021998313493809
7. Yoo, D. Y.; Yoon, Y. S.; and Banthia, N., “Predicting the Post-Cracking Behavior of Normal- and High-Strength Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 93, 2015, pp. 477-485. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.006
8. Weiss, W. J., and Shah, S. P., “Restrained Shrinkage Cracking: the Role of Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures and Specimen Geometry,” Materials and Structures, V. 35, No. 2, 2002, pp. 85-91. doi: 10.1007/BF02482106
9. Yoo, D. Y.; Shin, H. O.; Lee, J. Y.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Enhancing Cracking Resistance of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Slabs Using Steel Fibers,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 67, No. 10, 2015, pp. 487-495. doi: 10.1680/macr.14.00116
10. Bindiganavile, V., and Banthia, N., “Polymer and Steel Fiber-Reinforced Cementitious Composites Under Impact Loading–Part 1: Bond-Slip Response,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 98, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 2001, pp. 10-16.
11. Kim, D. J.; Naaman, A. E.; and El-Tawil, S., “Comparative Flexural Behavior of Four Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 30, No. 10, 2008, pp. 917-928. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.08.002
12. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 519 pp.
13. ASTM C1609, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam with Third-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012. 9 pp.
14. Parra-Montesinos, G. J., “Shear Strength of Beams with Deformed Steel Fibers,” Concrete International, V. 28, No. 11, Nov. 2006, pp. 57-66.
15. Shahnewaz, M., and Alam, M. S., “Improved Shear Equations for Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Deep and Slender Beams,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 4, July-Aug. 2014, pp. 851-860. doi: 10.14359/51686736
16. Kosa, K., and Naaman, A. E., “Corrosion of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 87, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1990, pp. 27-37.
17. Kim, B.; Boyd, A. J.; and Lee, J. Y., “Durability Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete in Severe Environments,” Journal of Composite Materials, V. 45, No. 23, 2011, pp. 2379-2389. doi: 10.1177/0021998311401089
18. Banthia, N., and Foy, C., “Marine Curing of Steel Fiber Composites,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 1, No. 2, 1989, pp. 86-96. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1989)1:2(86)
19. Redon, C., and Chermant, J. L., “Damage Mechanics Applied to Concrete Reinforced with Amorphous Cast Iron Fibers, Concrete Subjected to Compression,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 21, No. 3, 1999, pp. 197-204. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(98)00052-3
20. Hameed, R.; Turatsinze, A.; Duprat, F.; and Sellier, A., “A Study on the Reinforced Fibrous Concrete Elements Subjected to Uniaxial Tensile Loading,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 14, No. 4, 2010, pp. 547-556. doi: 10.1007/s12205-010-0547-0
21. Won, J. P.; Hong, B. T.; Lee, S. J.; and Choi, S. J., “Bonding Properties of Amorphous Micro-Steel Fibre-Reinforced Cementitious Composites,” Composite Structures, V. 102, 2013, pp. 101-109. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.02.015
22. Barros, J. A.; Cunha, V. M.; Ribeiro, A. F.; and Antunes, J. A. B., “Post-Cracking Behaviour of Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 38, No. 1, 2005, pp. 47-56. doi: 10.1007/BF02480574
23. Guan, X.; Liu, X.; Jia, X.; Yuan, Y.; Cui, J.; and Mang, H. A., “A Stochastic Multiscale Model for Predicting Mechanical Properties of Fiber Reinforced Concrete,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, V. 56-57, 2015, pp. 280-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2014.10.008
24. Zhang, Y.; Nie, Y. F.; and Wu, Y. T., “Numerical Study on Mechanical Properties of Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Statistical Second-Order Two-Scale Method,” CMC: Computers, Materials & Continua, V. 40, No. 3, 2014, pp. 203-218.
25. Yoo, D. Y.; Kang, S. T.; Banthia, N.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,” International Journal of Damage Mechanics, 2015, doi: 10.1177/1056789515612559.
26. Yoo, D. Y.; Yoon, Y. S.; and Banthia, N., “Flexural Response of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams: Effects of Strength, Fiber Content, and Strain-Rate,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 64, 2015, pp. 84-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.10.001
27. Hameed, R.; Turatsinze, A.; Duprat, F.; and Sellier, A., “Bond Stress-Slip Behaviour of Steel Reinforcing Bar Embedded In Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 17, No. 7, 2013, pp. 1700-1707. doi: 10.1007/s12205-013-1240-x
28. Yang, J. M.; Yoon, S. H.; Choi, S. J.; and Kim, G. D., “Development and Application of Pig Iron Based Amorphous Fiber for Concrete Reinforcement,” Magazine of Korea Concrete Institute, V. 25, No. 4, 2013, pp. 38-41.
29. ASTM C39/39M, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, 7 pp.
30. Hsu, L. S., and Hsu, C. T. T., “Stress-Strain Behavior of Steel-Fiber High-Strength Concrete under Compression,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 91, No. 4, July-Aug. 1994, pp. 448-457.
31. JCI-S-002-2003, “Method of Test for Load-Displacement Curve of Fiber Reinforced Concrete by Use of Notched Beam,” Japan Concrete Institute, Tokyo, Japan, 2003, 6 pp.
32. Nataraja, M. C.; Dhang, N.; and Gupta, A. P., “Stress-Strain Curves for Steel-Fiber Reinforced Concrete under Compression,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 21, No. 5-6, 1999, pp. 383-390. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(99)00021-9
33. Khan, A. A.; Cook, W. D.; and Mitchell, D., “Early Age Compressive Stress-Strain Properties of Low-, Medium, and High-Strength Concretes,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1995, pp. 617-624.
34. Xie, J.; Elwi, A. E.; and MacGregor, J. G., “Mechanical Properties of Three High-Strength Concretes Containing Silica Fume,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 92, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1995, pp. 135-145.
35. Darwin, D.; Barham, S.; Kozul, R.; and Luan, S., “Fracture Energy of High-Strength Concrete,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 98, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2001, pp. 410-417.
36. Zhao, Z.; Kwon, S. H.; and Shah, S. P., “Effect of Specimen Size on Fracture Energy and Softening Curve of Concrete: Part I. Experiments and Fracture Energy,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 8-9, 2008, pp. 1049-1060. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.017
37. Yoo, D. Y.; Zi, G.; Kang, S. T.; and Yoon, Y. S., “Biaxial Flexural Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete with Different Fiber Lengths and Placement Methods,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 63, 2015, pp. 51-66. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.07.011
38. ASTM C293/C293M, “Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with Center-Point Loading),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010. 3 pp.
39. Uchida, Y.; Kurihara, N.; Rokugo, K.; and Koyanagi, W., “Determination of Tension Softening Diagrams of Various Kinds of Concrete by Means of Numerical Analysis,” Fracture Mechanics of Concrete Structures, F. H. Wittmann, ed., Aedificatio Publishers, Freiburg, Germany, 1995, pp. 17-30.
40. Hillerborg, A.; Modeer, M.; and Petersson, P. E., “Analysis of Crack Formation and Crack Growth in Concrete by Means of Fracture Mechanics and Finite Elements,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 6, No. 6, 1976, pp. 773-781. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(76)90007-7
41. Kwon, S. H.; Zhao, Z.; and Shah, S. P., “Effect of Specimen Size on Fracture Energy and Softening Curve of Concrete: Part II. Inverse Analysis and Softening Curve,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 8-9, 2008, pp. 1061-1069. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.03.014
42. Kitsutaka, Y., “Fracture Parameters by Polylinear Tension-Softening Analysis,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 123, No. 5, 1997, pp. 444-450. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:5(444)
43. Kazemi, M. T.; Fazileh, F.; and Ebrahiminezhad, M. A., “Cohesive Crack Model and Fracture Energy of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced-Concrete Notched Cylindrical Specimens,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 19, No. 10, 2007, pp. 884-890. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2007)19:10(884)
44. Barros, J. A. O., and Cruz, J. S., “Fracture Energy of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Mechanics of Composite Materials and Structures, V. 8, No. 1, 2001, pp. 29-45. doi: 10.1080/107594101459815
45. Wittmann, F. H., “Crack Formation and Fracture Energy of Normal and High Strength Concrete,” Sadhana, V. 27, No. 4, 2002, pp. 413-423. doi: 10.1007/BF02706991
46. Bažant, Z. P., and Planas, J., Fracture and Size Effect in Concrete and Other Quasibrittle Materials, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1997.
47. DIANA User’s Manual – Release 9.2, Delft, The Netherlands, 2007.