Title:
Dynamic Strength Properties of Concrete and Reinforcing Steel Subject to Extreme Loads
Author(s):
Seongwon Hong and Thomas H.-K. Kang
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
113
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
983-995
Keywords:
dynamic increase factor; dynamic strength properties; reinforcing steel
DOI:
10.14359/51688754
Date:
9/1/2016
Abstract:
Understanding dynamic strength properties of concrete and reinforcing steel subject to blast, shock, or impact loads is required for numerical analysis and design of civilian and military structures. Generally, methods of the drop-weight impact test, split Hopkinson pressure bar test, and plate impact test have been used to determine material response at high strain rate, while a servohydraulic testing machine is used to evaluate a static or quasi-static strain. Several organizations and researchers developed and proposed as a metric the dynamic increase factor (DIF) versus strain rate curves and/or DIF formulations through experimental results, where the DIF is defined as the ratio of the dynamic stress to the static stress and is normally expressed as a function of strain rate. In this paper, DIF formulations are also proposed using the Unified Facilities Criteria (UFC) nonlinear DIF curve and based on the most recent database, which is needed for numerical analysis. Based on extensive literature reviews, this paper: 1) presents the definition of strain rate domains; 2) summarizes the features and limitations of experimental methods; and 3) systematically reviews the design curves and prediction models for concrete and reinforcing steel, along with the existing data.
Related References:
Abu-Lebdeh, T.; Hamoush, S.; Choi, W.; and Al Nasra, M., 2011, “High Rate-Dependent Interaction Diagrams for Reinforced Concrete Columns,” American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, V. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-9. doi: 10.3844/ajeassp.2011.1.9
ACI Committee 318, 2011, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 503 pp.
Ahmad, S. H., and Shah, S. P., 1985, “Behavior of Hoop Confined Concrete under High Strain Rates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 82, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 634-647.
ASTM A370-94, 1994, “Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 46 pp.
ASTM A615-79, 1979, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Billet-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 5 pp.
ASTM C39/C39M-10, 2010, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 7 pp.
ASTM C496/C496M-04e1, 2004, “Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 5 pp.
ASTM E208-95a(2000), 2000, “Standard Test Method for Conducting Drop-Weight Test to Determine Nil-Ductility Transition Temperature of Ferritic Steels,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 13 pp.
ASTM E436-03(2014), 2014, “Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 6 pp.
ASTM E680-79(2011)e1, 2011, Standard Test Method for Drop Weight Impact Sensitivity of Solid-Phase Hazardous Materials,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 8 pp.
Bischoff, P. H., and Perry, S. H., 1991, “Compressive Behavior of Concrete at High Strain Rates,” Materials and Structures, V. 24, No. 6, pp. 425-450. doi: 10.1007/BF02472016
Bruhilert, E., and Wittmann, F. H., 1990, “Failure of Dam Concrete Subjected to Seismic Loading Conditions,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, V. 35, No. 1/2/3, pp. 565-571.
Chen, X.; Wu, S.; Zhou, J.; Chen, Y.; and Qin, A., 2013, “Effect of Testing Method and Strain Rate on Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 25, No. 11, pp. 1752-1761. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000732
Chen, Z.; Yang, Y.; and Yao, Y., 2012, “Impact Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites with High Volume Fly Ash Using SHPB Test,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology—Materials, V. 27, No. 3, pp. 590-596.
Comité Euro-International du Béton, 1988, “Concrete Structures under Impact and Impulsive Loading,” CEB Bulletin 187 Lausanne, Switzerland, 184 pp.
Comité Euro-International du Béton, 1991, “CEB-FIP Model Code 1990,” Redwood Books, Trowbridge, Wiltshire, UK, 437 pp.
Dilger, W. H.; Koch, R.; and Kowalczyk, R., 1984, “Ductility of Plain and Confined Concrete under Different Strain Rates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 81, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 73-81.
Dowling, A. R., and Harding, J., 1967, “Tensile Properties of Mild Steel under High Strain Rates,” Proceedings of the First HERF Conference, University of Denver, Denver, CO, pp. 7.3.1-7.3.2.6.
Escobar, J. C., and Clifton, R. J., 1993, “On Pressure-Shear Plate Impact for Studying the Kinetics of Stress-Induced Phase Transformations,” Materials Science and Engineering, V. 170, No. 1-2, Oct., pp. 125-142. doi: 10.1016/0921-5093(93)90375-O
Fan, G.; Song, Y.; and Wang, L., 2014, “Experimental Study on the Seismic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints under Various Strain Rates,” Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, V. 33, No. 7, pp. 601-618. doi: 10.1177/0731684413512706
Frutschy, K. J., and Clifton, R. J., 1998, “High-Temperature Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiments on OFHC Copper,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, V. 46, No. 10, pp. 1723-1744. doi: 10.1016/S0022-5096(98)00055-6
Fujikake, K.; Mori, K.; Uebayashi, K.; Ohno, T.; and Mizuno, J., 2000, “Dynamic Properties of Concrete Materials with High Rates of Tri-axial Compressive Loads,” Structures under Shock and Impact VI, V. 8, pp. 511-522.
Fujikake, K.; Senga, T.; Ueda, N.; Ohno, T.; and Katagiri, M., 2006, “Effects of Strain Rate on Tensile Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 4, No. 1, pp. 79-84. doi: 10.3151/jact.4.79
Gebbeken, N., and Greulich, S., 2003, “A New Material Model for SFRC under High Dynamic Loadings,” Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Interaction of the Effects of Munitions with Structures (ISIEMS), Mannheim, Germany, 16 pp.
Gebbeken, N., and Ruppert, M., 2000, “A New Material Model for Concrete in High-Dynamic Hydrocore Simulations,” Archive of Applied Mechanics, V. 70, No. 7, pp. 463-478. doi: 10.1007/s004190000079
Guo, W. G., and Nemat-Nasser, S., 2006, “Flow Stress of Nitronic-50 Stainless Steel Over a Wide Range of Strain Rates and Temperatures,” Mechanics of Materials, V. 38, No. 11, pp. 1090-1103. doi: 10.1016/j.mechmat.2006.01.004
Hao, Y., and Hao, H., 2013, “Dynamic Compressive Behavior of Spiral Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Tests,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 48, pp. 521-532. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.07.022
Hartmann, T.; Pietzsch, A.; and Gebbeken, N., 2010, “A Hydrocode Material Model for Concrete,” International Journal of Protective Structures, V. 1, No. 4, pp. 443-468. doi: 10.1260/2041-4196.1.4.443
Hughes, M. L.; Tedesco, J. W.; and Ross, C. A., 1993, “Numerical Analysis of High Strain Rate Splitting-Tensile Tests,” Computers & Structures, V. 47, No. 4-5, pp. 653-671. doi: 10.1016/0045-7949(93)90349-I
Katayama, M.; Itoh, M.; Tamura, S.; Beppu, M.; and Ohno, T., 2007, “Numerical Analysis Method for RC and Geological Structures Subjected to Extreme Loading by Energetic Materials,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 34, No. 9, pp. 1546-1561. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2006.10.013
Keenan, W. A., and Feldman, A., 1960, “The Yield Strength of Intermediate Grade Reinforcing Bars Under Rapid Loading,” Technical Report AFSWC-TR-59-72: Behavior and Design of Deep Structural Members, Part 6, Research Directorate, Air Force Special Weapons Center, Kirtland Air Force Base, NM, 118 pp.
Klopp, R. W., and Clifton, R. J., 1985, “Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Testing,” ASM Handbook, eighth edition, ASM International, Materials Park, OH, pp. 230-239.
Klopp, R. W.; Clifton, R. J.; and Shawki, T. G., 1985, “Pressure-Shear Impact and the Dynamic Viscoplastic Response Metals,” Mechanics of Materials, V. 4, No. 3-4, pp. 375-385. doi: 10.1016/0167-6636(85)90033-X
Kolsky, H., 1949, “An Investigation of the Mechanical Properties of Materials at Very High Rates of Loading,” Proceedings of the Physical Society, V. 62, No. 11, pp. 676-700. doi: 10.1088/0370-1301/62/11/302
Komlos, K., 1970, “Investigation of Rheological Properties of Concrete in Uniaxial Tension,” Materialprüfung (Munchen), V. 12, No. 9, pp. 300-304.
Li, C. H., 1982, “A Pressure-Shear Experiment for Studying the Dynamic Plastic Response of Metals at Shear Strain Rates of 105 s–1,” PhD thesis, Brown University, Providence, RI, 173 pp.
Li, J.; Wu, C.; Hao, H.; Su, Y.; and Liu, Z., 2016, “Blast Resistance of Concrete Slab Reinforced with High Performance Fibre Material,” Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, V. 1, No. 2, pp. 51-59.
Li, Q. M., and Meng, H., 2003, “About the Dynamic Strength Enhancement of Concrete-Like Materials in a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar Test,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, V. 40, No. 2, pp. 343-360. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7683(02)00526-7
Lok, T. S., and Zhao, P. J., 2004, “Impact Response of Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 16, No. 1, pp. 54-59. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2004)16:1(54)
Luo, X.; Xu, J.-Y.; Bai, E.-L.; and Li, W., 2013, “Research on the Dynamic Compressive Test of Highly Fluidized Geopolymer Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 48, pp. 166-172. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.035
Malvar, L. J., and Crawford, J. E., 1998a, “Dynamic Increase Factors for Concrete,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth DoD Explosives Safety Seminar, Orlando, FL, 17 pp.
Malvar, L. J., and Crawford, J. E., 1998b, “Dynamic Increase Factors for Steel Reinforcing Bars,” Proceedings of the Twenty-Eighth DoD Explosives Safety Seminar, Orlando, FL, 17 pp.
McVay, M. K., 1988, “Spall Damage of Concrete Structures,” Technical Report SL-88-22, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 430 pp.
Ngo, T.; Mendis, P.; and Krauthammer, T., 2007, “Behavior of Ultrahigh-Strength Prestressed Concrete Panels Subjected to Blast Loading,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 133, No. 11, pp. 1582-1590. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:11(1582)
Norris, G. H.; Hansen, R. J.; Holly, M. J.; Biggs, J. M.; Namyet, S.; and Minami, J. K., 1959, Structural Design for Dynamic Loads, McGraw-Hill, New York, 453 pp.
Oh, B. W., 1987, “Behavior of Concrete under Dynamic Tensile Loads,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 84, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 8-13.
Orton, S. L.; Chiarito, V. P.; Rabalais, C.; Wombacher, M.; and Rowell, S. P., 2014, “Strain Rate Effects in CFRP Used for Blast Mitigation,” Polymers, V. 6, No. 4, pp. 1026-1039. doi: 10.3390/polym6041026
Pajak, M., 2011, “The Influence of the Strain Rate on the Strength of Concrete Taking into Account the Experimental Techniques,” Architecture Civil Engineering Environment, V. 4, No. 3, pp. 77-86.
Prakash, V., 1995, “A Pressure-Shear Plate Impact Experiment for Investigating Transient Friction,” Experimental Mechanics, V. 35, No. 4, pp. 329-336. doi: 10.1007/BF02317542
Qingbin, L.; Chuhan, Z.; and Guanglun, W., 1996, “Dynamic Damage Constitutive Model of Concrete in Uniaxial Tension,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, V. 53, No. 3, pp. 449-455. doi: 10.1016/0013-7944(95)00123-9
Ross, C. A.; Tompson, P. Y.; and Tedesco, J. W., 1989, “Split-Hopkinson Pressure-Bar Tests on Concrete and Mortar in Tension and Compression,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 86, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 475-481.
Sharpe, W. N., 2008, Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics, Springer Science + Business Media LLC, New York, 1098 pp.
Soroushian, P.; Choi, K. B.; and Alhamad, A., 1986, “Dynamic Constitutive Behavior of Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 251-259.
Scott, B. D.; Park, R.; and Priestley, M. J. N., 1982, “Stress-Strain Behavior of Concrete Confined by Overlapping Hoops at Low and High Strain Rates,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 79, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 13-27.
Tedesco, J. W.; Powell, J. C.; Ross, C. A.; and Hughes, M. L., 1997, “Strain-Rate-Dependent Concrete Material Model for ADINA,” Computers & Structures, V. 64, No. 5-6, pp. 1053-1067. doi: 10.1016/S0045-7949(97)00018-7
TM5-1300, 1990, “Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions,” Department of the Army, Navy and Air Force, 16 pp.
Tong, W.; Clifton, R. J.; and Huang, S., 1992, “Pressure-Shear Impact Investigation of Strain Rate History Effects in Oxygen-Free High-
Conductivity Copper,” Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, V. 40, No. 6, pp. 1251-1294. doi: 10.1016/0022-5096(92)90015-T
Unified Facilities Criteria 3-340-02, 2008, “Structures to Resist the Effects of Accidental Explosions,” U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Air Force Civil Engineer Support Agency, 1867 pp.
Weidner, A. M.; Pantelides, C. P.; Richins, W. D.; Larson, T. K.; and Blakeley, J. E., 2012, “Drop Hammer Test of Concrete Cylinders Considering Fiber Reinforcement and Elevated Temperature,” U.S. Department of Energy through the INL LDRD Program under DOE Idaho Operations Office Contract DE-AC07-05ID14517.
Williams, G. D., and Williamson, E. B., 2011, “Response of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Columns Subjected to Blast Loads,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 137, No. 9, pp. 903-913. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000440
Winget, D. G.; Marchand, K. A.; and Williamson, E. B., 2005, “Analysis and Design of Critical Bridges Subjected to Blast Loads,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 131, No. 8, pp. 1243-1255. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2005)131:8(1243)
Xiao, S.; Li, H.; and Monteiro, P. J. M., 2010, “Influence of Strain Rates and Load Histories on the Tensile Damage Behavior of Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 62, No. 12, pp. 887-894. doi: 10.1680/macr.2010.62.12.887
Xu, H., and Wen, H. M., 2013, “Semi-Empirical Equations for the Dynamic Strength Enhancement of Concrete-Like Materials,” International Journal of Impact Engineering, V. 60, pp. 76-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2013.04.005
Yan, D., and Lin, G., 2006, “Dynamic Properties of Concrete in Direct Tension,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 7, pp. 1371-1378. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.03.003
Zhang, X. X.; Ruiz, G.; and Yu, R. C., 2008, “A New Drop-Weight Impact Machine for Studying Fracture Processes in Structural Concrete,” An International Journal for Experimental Mechanics, V. 46, No. 3, pp. 252-257.
Zhou, X. Q., and Hao, H., 2008, “Modelling of Compressive Behavior of Concrete-Like Materials at High Strain Rate,” International Journal of Solids and Structures, V. 45, No. 17, pp. 4648-4661. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.04.002