Title:
Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Material Content and Binder Dispersion on Packing Density and Compressive Strength of Sustainable Cement Paste
Author(s):
Iman Mehdipour and Kamal H. Khayat
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
113
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
361-372
Keywords:
cement paste; dispersion state; packing density; supplementary cementitious materials; sustainability
DOI:
10.14359/51688704
Date:
5/1/2016
Abstract:
The reduction of cement content and incorporation of high volume of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) are key factors for the design of environmentally friendly concrete (Eco-Crete). The effectiveness of incorporating an SCM to enhance rheological and mechanical properties and durability of concrete depends on the type and content of SCM, as well as the degree of dispersion of the binder resulting from the use of high-range water reducer (HRWR). An experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate the effect of binary and ternary cementitious materials on the packing density of the binder and compressive strength at 7 and 56 days of cement paste. The influence of the dispersion state of the binder on packing density was evaluated using the wet packing density approach to determine the optimum water demand (OWD) needed to achieve maximum wet density. The effectiveness of incorporating a high volume of SCM to enhance packing density is shown to increase with an increase of HRWR dosage, resulting from a greater degree of dispersion of the binder. The incorporation of sufficient dosage of HRWR led to lower OWD needed to achieve maximum density and higher packing density. The coupled effect of these changes results in higher compressive strength. Compared to the packing density of 0.58 for binder with 100% cement, the use of SCMs in a well-dispersed system is shown to secure packing density of 0.60 to 0.73. The ternary binders containing 40 or 50% slag and 5 or 10% silica fume, by volume of total binder, can ensure lower OWD, greater packing density, lower CO2 emission, and higher compressive strength. Such binder systems can be adopted for use in sustainable cement-based materials.
Related References:
1. Kwan, A. K. H., and Li, L. G., “Combined Effects of Water Film Thickness and Paste Film Thickness on Rheology of Mortar,” Materials and Structures, V. 45, No. 9, 2012, pp. 1359-1374. doi: 10.1617/s11527-012-9837-y
2. Khayat, K. H.; Hu, C.; and Laye, J. M., “Influence of Aggregate Grain-Size Distribution on Workability of Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC),” Proceedings of the International Conference on High-Performance Concrete, Hong Kong, China, Dec. 2000, pp. 1001-1024.
3. Nanthagopalan, P., and Santhanam, M., “An Empirical Approach for the Optimisation of Aggregate Combinations for Self-Compacting Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 45, No. 8, 2012, pp. 1167-1179. doi: 10.1617/s11527-012-9824-3
4. Bentz, D. P.; Garboczi, E. J.; Haecker, C. J.; and Jensen, O. M., “Effects of Cement Particle Size Distribution on Performance Properties of Portland Cement-Based Materials,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 10, 1999, pp. 1663-1671. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00163-5
5. Lee, S. H.; Kim, H. J.; Sakai, E.; and Daimon, M., “Effect of Particle Size Distribution of Fly Ash—Cement System on the Fluidity of Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 5, 2003, pp. 763-768. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)01054-2
6. Zhang, T.; Yu, Q.; Wei, J.; and Zhang, P., “Efficient Utilization of Cementitious Materials to Produce Sustainable Blended Cement,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 5, 2012, pp. 692-699. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.02.004
7. Zhang, T. S.; Yu, Q. J.; Wei, J. X.; and Zhang, P. P., “Effects of Size Fraction on Composition and Fundamental Properties of Portland Cement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 7, 2011, pp. 3038-3043. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.01.005
8. Shi, Y.; Matsui, I.; and Feng, N., “Effect of Compound Mineral Powders on Workability and Rheological Property of HPC,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 1, 2002, pp. 71-78. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00631-7
9. Petit, J.-Y.; Khayat, K. H.; and Wirquin, E., “Coupled Effect of Time and Temperature on Variations of Yield Value of Highly Flowable Mortar,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 5, 2006, pp. 832-841. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.001
10. Hwang, S.-D., and Khayat, K. H., “Effect of Various Admixture-Binder Combinations on Workability of Ready-Mix Self-Consolidating Concrete,” Workability of SCC: Roles of Its Constituents and Measurement Techniques, SP-233, C. Shi and K. H. Khayat, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2006, pp. 25-44.
11. Khayat, K. H.; Yahia, A.; and Sayed, M., “Effect of Supplementary Cementitious Materials on Rheological Properties, Bleeding, and Strength of Structural Grout,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2008, pp. 585-593.
12. Fung, W. W. S., and Kwan, A. K. H., “Role of Water Film Thickness in Rheology of CSF Mortar,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 32, No. 4, 2010, pp. 255-264. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.01.005
13. Yahia, A., and Khayat, K. H., “Applicability of Rheological Models to High-Performance Grouts Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials and Viscosity Enhancing Admixture,” Materials and Structures, V. 36, No. 6, 2003, pp. 402-412. doi: 10.1007/BF02481066
14. Mehdipour, I.; Razzaghi, M. S.; Amini, K.; and Shekarchi, M., “Effect of Mineral Admixtures on Fluidity and Stability of Self-Consolidating Mortar Subjected to Prolonged Mixing Time,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 40, 2013, pp. 1029-1037. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.11.108
15. Kwan, A. K. H., and Wong, H. H. C., “Packing Density of Cementitious Materials: Part 2—Packing and Flow of OPC + PFA + CSF,” Materials and Structures, V. 41, No. 4, 2008, pp. 773-784. doi: 10.1617/s11527-007-9281-6
16. Li, L. G., and Kwan, A. K., “Effects of Superplasticizer Type on Packing Density, Water Film Thickness and Flowability of Cementitious Paste,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 86, 2015, pp. 113-119. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.104
17. Wong, H. H. C., and Kwan, A. K. H., “Packing Density of Cementitious Materials: Part 1—Measurement Using a Wet Packing Method,” Materials and Structures, V. 41, No. 4, 2008, pp. 689-701. doi: 10.1617/s11527-007-9274-5
18. De Larrard, F., Concrete Mixture Proportioning: A Scientific Approach, E&FN Spon, New York, 1999, 448 pp.
19. Wong, H. H., and Kwan, A. K., “Packing Density: A Key Concept for Mix Design of High Performance Concrete,” Proceedings of the Materials Science and Technology in Engineering Conference, HKIE Materials Dvision, Hong Kong, China, May 2005, pp. 1-15.
20. Lange, F.; Mörtel, H.; and Rudert, V., “Dense Packing of Cement Pastes and Resulting Consequences on Mortar Properties,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 27, No. 10, 1997, pp. 1481-1488. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00189-0
21. Sun, W.; Yan, H.; and Zhan, B., “Analysis of Mechanism on Water-Reducing Effect of Fine Ground Slag, High-Calcium Fly Ash, and Low-Calcium Fly Ash,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 8, 2003, pp. 1119-1125. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00022-X
22. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “Technical Support Document for Process Emissions from Cement. In: Proposed Rule for Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases,” Office of Air and Radiation, Washington, DC, 2009, 26 pp.
23. EPA 430-R-11-005, “Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2009,” U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 2011, 459 pp.