Title:
Early-Age Stiffening of Paste, Mortar, and Concrete in Lab and Field
Author(s):
Chang Hoon Lee and Kenneth C. Hover
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
113
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
83-93
Keywords:
consolidation; early-age concrete; final setting; finishability; formwork; initial setting
DOI:
10.14359/51687917
Date:
1/1/2016
Abstract:
Standard and nonstandard penetration-resistance tests were conducted on cement paste, mortars incorporating that paste, and concretes incorporating those mortars. Simultaneously, the diminishing ability to consolidate the concrete with a vibrator, impress a footprint into the concrete surface, manipulate that surface with a magnesium float, and otherwise deform the surface was recorded. The time at which freshly-placed concrete can no longer be effectively consolidated with an immersion vibrator, the time at which professional concrete finishers would begin hand- or power-floating of a concrete surface, and the limit of the capacity to deform concrete by adjusting formwork all occur significantly before mortar reaches “initial setting” as defined by ASTM C403. Likewise, the time at which a recently-cast concrete surface can no longer be manipulated by a hand float occurs well in advance of “final setting” as defined by ASTM C403.
Related References:
1. American Concrete Institute, “ACI Concrete Terminology (CT-13),” Farmington Hills, MI, 2013, 74 pp.
2. American Concrete Institute, 2014 Manual of Concrete Practice, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014.
3. ASTM C191-08, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 8 pp.
4. ASTM C403-08, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 7 pp.
5. ACI Committee 302, “Guide for Concrete Floor and Slab Construction (ACI 302.1R-04),”American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2004, 76 pp.
6. ASTM C266-08, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Hydraulic-Cement Paste by Gillmore Needles,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2008, 4 pp.
7. Suprenant, B. A., and Malisch, W. R., “The True Window of Finishability: Do Finishers Have Adequate Guidelines for Hitting the Gap between Premature and Late Finishing?” Concrete Construction, V. 43, No. 10, 1998, 3 pp.
8. Tuthill, L. H., and Cordon, W. A., “Properties and Uses of Initially Retarded Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 52, No. 11, Nov. 1955, pp. 273-286.
9. Lee, C. H.; Hover, K. C.; and Lee, A., “Difference in Setting Behavior between Prepared and Sieved Mortars in the ASTM C403 Time of Setting Test,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, V. 43, No. 4, July 2015, 9 pp.
10. Popovics, S., “Material Aspects of Concrete Consolidated by Vibration,” Materials and Structures, V. 5, No. 3, 1972, pp. 143-150.
11. Scripture, E. W., “Setting Time,” Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete Aggregates, ASTM Special Technical Publication, V. 169, 1955, pp. 53-60.
12. Kelly, T. M., “Setting Time,” Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, ASTM, 1966, pp. 102-115.
13. Suprenant, B. A., and Malisch, W. R., “Diagnosing Slab Delaminations: The Role of Top-Down Stiffening,” Concrete Construction, V. 43, No. 3, Mar. 1998, 5 pp.
14. Suprenant, B. A., and Malisch, W. R., “Where to Place the Vapor Retarder,” Concrete Construction, V. 43, No. 3, 1998, 4 pp. http://www.concreteconstruction.net/Images/Diagnosing%20Slab%20Delaminations_tcm45-343342.pdf
15. Bury, M. A.; Bury, J. R.; and Martin, D., “Testing Effects of New Admixtures on Concrete Finishing,” Concrete International, V. 16, No. 1, Jan. 1994, pp. 26-31.
16. Lee, C. H.; Hover, K. C.; and Lee, A, “The Effects of Sieving and Paste Content on the Setting Behavior of Mortars,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, V. 43, No. 6, Nov. 2015, 11 pp.
17. Christensen, B. J., “Time of Setting,” Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, J. F. Lamond and J. H. Pielert, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2006, pp. 86-98.
18. Dodson, V. H., “Time of Setting,” Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, J. F. Lamond and J. H. Pielert, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, pp. 77-87.
19. Abel, J. D.; and Hover, K. C., “Field Study of the Setting Behavior of Fresh Concrete,” Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, V. 22, No. 2, 2000, pp. 95-102. doi: 10.1520/CCA10469J
20. Dodson, V., Concrete Admixtures, Van Nostr and Reinhold, New York, 1990, 211 pp.
21. García, A.; Castro-Fresno, D.; and Polanco, J. A., “Evolution of Penetration Resistance in Fresh Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 5, 2008, pp. 649-659. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.005
22. ASTM C33/C33M-13, “Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 11 pp.
23. ASTM C305-13, “Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement, Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2013, 3 pp.
24. Popovics, S., Fundamentals of Portland Cement Concrete: A Quantitative Approach, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1982.
25. Polivka, M., and Klein, A., “Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-retarding Admixtures as Influenced by Portland Cement Composition,” Symposium on Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-Retarding Admixtures on Properties of Concrete, ASTM, 1959, pp. 124-139.
26. ACI Committee 309, “Guide for Consolidation of Concrete (ACI 309R-05),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 36 pp.
27. BS 5075-1, “Concrete Admixtures-Part I: Specification for Accelerating and Retarding Water-Reducing Admixtures,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 1982, 22 pp.
28. Atamturk, D., and Duyar, I., “Age-Related Factors in the Relationship between Foot Measurements and Living Stature and Body Weight,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, V. 53, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1296-1300.
29. Ozden, H.; Balci, Y.; Demirustu, C.; Turgut, A.; and Ertugrul, M., “Stature and Sex Estimate Using Foot and Shoe Dimensions,” Forensic Science International, V. 147, No. 2-3, 2005, pp. 181-184. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2004.09.072
30. Lord, M.; Reynolds, D. P.; and Hughes, J. R., “Foot Pressure Measurement: A Review of Clinical Findings,” Journal of Biomedical Engineering, V. 8, No. 4, 1986, pp. 283-294. doi: 10.1016/0141-5425(86)90060-9
31. ACI Committee 347, “Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347R-14),” American Concrete Institutie, Farmington Hills, MI, 2014, 36 pp.
32. Pinto, R. C. A., and Hover, K. C., “Application of Maturity Approach to Setting Times,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 96, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1999, pp. 686-691.
33. Pinto, R. C. A., and Hover, K. C., “Combined Effects of Silica Fume, Superplasticizer and Temperature on Setting Behavior,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 52, No. 5, 2000, pp. 345-352. doi: 10.1680/macr.2000.52.5.345