Title:
Determination of Chloride Diffusion Coefficients in Concrete by Electrical Resistivity Method
Author(s):
Yanbo Liu, Francisco J. Presuel-Moreno, and Mario A. Paredes
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
112
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
631-640
Keywords:
diffusion coefficient; electrical resistivity; service life
DOI:
10.14359/51687777
Date:
9/1/2015
Abstract:
The chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete is of primary importance in determining the service life of concrete structures exposed to marine environments or deicing salt. Traditional methods (such as bulk diffusion test and migration test) used to determine the chloride diffusion coefficients are usually time- and labor-consuming. The electrical resistivity method has been developed as a nondestructive technique to evaluate the chloride permeability of concrete specimens. As a quality control method, however, the disadvantage of the resistivity method is that its values cannot be directly applied in the service life-prediction models to predict the chloride diffusion coefficients. In this paper, a comprehensive investigation was performed to study the empirical correlations between electrical resistivity and diffusion coefficients. The results of this investigation indicate that electrical resistivity is well-correlated to chloride diffusion coefficients. Based on these findings, a methodology is proposed to determine the chloride diffusion coefficients by the nondestructive electrical resistivity method.
Related References:
1. NT BUILD 443, “Concrete, Hardened: Accelerated Chloride Penetration,” NORDTEST, Espoo, Finland, 1995, 5 pp.
2. ASTM C1556-04, “Standard Test Method for Determining the Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by Bulk Diffusion,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2004, 7 pp.
3. NT BUILD 492, “Concrete, Mortar and Cement-Based Repare Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments,” NORDTEST, Espoo, Finland, 1999, 8 pp.
4. NT BUILD 355, “Concrete, Mortar and Cement Based Repair Materials: Chloride Diffusion Coefficient from Migration Cell Experiments,” NORDTEST, Espoo, Finland, 1997, 4 pp.
5. ASTM C1202-10, “Standard Test Method for Electrical Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, 7 pp.
6. Benz, E. C.; Thomas, M. D. A.; and Ehlen, M. A., “Life-365 Service Life Prediction Model,” Life-365™, 2012, http://www.life-365.org/download/Life-365_Users_Manual.pdf. (last accessed Aug. 21, 2015)
7. DuraCrete, Statistical Quantification of the Variables in the Limit State Functions, The European Union, Brite EuRam III, 2000.
8. FM 5-578, “Florida Method of Test For Concrete Resistivity as an Electrical Indicator of its Permeability,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2004, 4 pp.
9. AASHTO TP 95-11, “Standard Method of Test for Surface Resistivity Indication of Concrete’s Ability to Resist Chloride Ion Penetration,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2011, 9 pp.
10. Kessler, R. J.; Powers, R. G.; and Paredes, M. A., “Resistivity Measurements of Water Saturated Concrete as an Indicator of Permeability,” 2005 NACE Conference Papers, Paper No. 05261, NACE International, Houston, TX, 2005, 10 pp.
11. Andrade, C., “Calculation of Chloride Diffusion Coefficients in Concrete from Ionic Migration Measurements,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 23, No. 3, 1993, pp. 724-742. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(93)90023-3
12. Lu, X., “Application of the Nernst-Einstein Equation to Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 27, No. 2, 1997, pp. 293-302. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)00200-1
13. Andrade, C.; Alonso, C.; and Goñi, S., “Possibilities for Electrical Resistivity to Universally Characterise Mass Transport Processes in Concrete,” Concrete 2000: Economic and Durable Concrete Construction through Excellence, E&FN Spon, London, UK, 2003, pp. 1639-1652.
14. Andrade, C., “Calculation of Initiation and Propagation Periods of Service Life of Reinforcements by Using the Electrical Resistivity,” International RILEM Symposium on Concrete Science and Engineering: A Tribute to Arnon Bentur, Evanston, IL, 2004, pp. 23-30.
15. Andrade, C.; d’Andrea, R.; and Rebolledo, N., “Chloride Ion Penetration in Concrete: The Reaction Factor in the Electrical Resistivity Model,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 47, 2014, pp. 41-46. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.022
16. Andrade, C.; Castellote, M.; and d’Andrea, R., “Measurement of Aging Effect on Chloride Diffusion Coefficients in Cementitious Matrices,” Journal of Nuclear Materials, V. 412, No. 1, 2011, pp. 209-216. doi: 10.1016/j.jnucmat.2010.12.236
17. Tang, L.; Nilsson, L.; and Basheer, P. A. M., Resistance of Concrete to Chloride Ingress: Testing and Modelling, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 246 pp.
18. Nokken, M.; Boddy, A.; Hooton, R. D.; and Thomas, M. D. A., “Time Dependent Diffusion in Concrete—Three Laboratory Studies,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 1, 2006, pp. 200-207. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.030
19. Luping, T., and Gulikers, J., “On the Mathematics of Time-Dependent Apparent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 37, No. 4, 2007, pp. 589-595. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.01.006
20. Mangat, P. S., and Molloy, B. T., “Prediction of Long Term Chloride Concentration in Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 27, No. 6, 1994, pp. 338-346. doi: 10.1007/BF02473426
21. Stanish, K., and Thomas, M., “The Use of Bulk Diffusion Tests to Establish Time-Dependent Concrete Chloride Diffusion Coefficients,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 1, 2003, pp. 55-62. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00925-0
22. Riding, K. A.; Thomas, M. D. A.; and Folliard, K. J., “Apparent Diffusivity Model for Concrete Containing Supplementary Cementitious Materials,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 110, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2013, pp. 705-714.
23. Visser, J. H. M.; Gaal, G. C. M.; and de Rooij, M. R., “Time Dependency of Chloride Diffusion Coefficients in Concrete,” Third RILEM Workshop on Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete, Madrid, Spain, 2002, pp. 423-433.
24. Song, L.; Sun, W.; and Gao, J., “Time Dependent Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Concrete,” Journal of Wuhan University of Technology—Materials Science Edition, V. 28, No. 2, 2013, pp. 314-319.
25. Bentz, D. P.; Feng, X.; and Hooton, R. D., “Time-Dependent Diffusivities: Possible Misinterpretation due to Spatial Dependence,” Testing and Modelling the Chloride Ingress into Concrete—2nd International RILEM Workshop 2000, Paris, France, 2000, pp. 225-233.
26. Thomas, M. D. A., and Bamforth, P. B., “Modelling Chloride Diffusion in Concrete Effect of Fly Ash and Slag,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 4, 1999, pp. 487-495. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00192-6
27. Elkey, W., and Sellevold, E. J., “Electrical Resistivity of Concrete,” Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Oslo, Norway, 1995.
28. Sengul, O., and Gjørv, O. E., “Electrical Resistivity Measurement for Quality Control during Concrete Construction,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 2008, pp. 541-547.
29. Polder, R. B., “Test Methods for On Site Measurements of Resistivity of Concrete—A RILEM TC-154 Technical Recommendation,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 15, No. 2-3, 2001, pp. 125-131. doi: 10.1016/S0950-0618(00)00061-1
30. Presuel-Moreno, F.; Liu, Y.; Wu, Y.-Y.; and Arias, W., “Analysis and Estimation of Service Life of Corrosion Prevention Materials Using Diffusion, Resistivity and Accelerated Curing for New Bridge Structures—Volume 2,” BDK79-977-02 Final Report, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2014, 227 pp.
31. Liu, Y., “Accelerated Curing of Concrete with High Volume Pozzolans-Resistivity, Diffusivity and Compressive Strength,” PhD dissertation, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 2012, 213 pp.
32. Chini, A. R.; Muszynski, L. C.; and Hicks, J., “Determination of Acceptance Permeability Characteristics for Performance-Related Sepecifications for Portland Cement Concrete,” BC 354-41 Final Report, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2003, 165 pp.
33. Presuel-Moreno, F.; Suares, A.; and Liu, Y., “Characterization of New and Old Concrete Structures Using Surface Resistivity Measurements,” BD 546-08 Final Report, Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2010, 279 pp.
34. Liu, Y., and Presuel-Moreno, F., “Effect of Elevated Temperature Curing on Compressive Strength and Electrical Resistivity of Concrete with Fly Ash and Ground-Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 111, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2014, pp. 531-542.
35. Liu, Y., “Experiments and Modeling on Resistivity of Multi-Layer Concrete with and without Embedded Rebar,” master’s thesis, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, 2008, 91 pp.
36. Liu, Y., and Presuel-Moreno, F., “Normalization of Temperature Effect on Concrete Resistivity by a Method Using Arrhenius Law,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 111, No. 4, July-Aug. 2014, pp. 433-442. doi: 10.14359/51686725
37. Compliance Testing for Probabilistic Design Purposes. DuraCrete-Probabilistic Performance Based Durability Design of Concrete Structures, The European United Union, Brite EuRam III, Mar. 1999, 111 pp.
38. Gjørv, O. E.; Vennesland, Ø.; and El-Busaidy, A. H. S., “Electrical Resistivity of Concrete in the Oceans,” Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, TX, 1977, pp. 581-588.
39. Hewlett, P., Lea’s Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, fourth edition, Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK, 1988, 1066 pp.
40. Buenfeld, N. R., and Newman, J. B., “The Permeability of Concrete in a Marine Environment,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 127, 1984, pp. 67-80. doi: 10.1680/macr.1984.36.127.67