Title:
ENERGY-BASED HYSTERESIS MODEL FOR RC BEAM-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
Author(s):
Tae-Sung Eom, Hyeon-Jong Hwang, and Hong-Gun Park
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
112
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
157-166
Keywords:
beam-column connection; cyclic loading; energy dissipation; hysteresis model; reinforced concrete; seismic design
DOI:
10.14359/51687404
Date:
3/1/2015
Abstract:
The cyclic response of reinforced concrete beam-column connections is significantly affected by the bond slip of beam flexural bars and joint shear deformations that occur at the joint panel. In this study, using existing test results of 69 interior and 63 exterior connections, the variation of energy dissipation (per load cycle) according to the bond-slip and joint shear strength was statistically investigated. The results showed that the energy dissipation correlated with the parameters of the bar bond slip better than with the joint shear strength. On the basis of the result, the energy dissipation
of beam-column connections was defined as the function of
the bond parameters. By using the energy function and the existing backbone curve of ASCE/SEI 41-06, an energy-based hysteresis model was developed such that the area enclosed by the cyclic curve is the same as the predicted energy dissipation. The proposed model was applied to existing test specimens. The predictions were compared with the test results and showed good agreement.
Related References:
1. Meinheit, D. F., and Jirsa, J. O., “Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints,” Report No. 77-1, Department of Civil Engineering, Structures Research Laboratory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 1977.
2. Ehsani, M. R., “Behavior of Exterior Reinforced Concrete Beam to Column Connections Subjected to Earthquake Type Loading,” Report No. UMEE 82R5, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 1982, 275 pp.
3. Leon, R. T., “Interior Joints with Variable Anchorage Lengths,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 115, No. 9, 1989, pp. 2261-2275. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:9(2261)
4. Soleimani, D.; Popov, E. P.; and Bertero, V. V., “Hysteretic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Subassemblages,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 76, No. 11, Nov. 1979, pp. 1179-1196.
5. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-11) and Commentary,” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2011, 503 pp.
6. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 352, “Recommendations for Design of Beam-Column Connections in Monolithic Reinforced Concrete Structures (ACI 352R-02),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002, 38 pp.
7. Kitayama, K.; Otani, S.; and Aoyama, H., “Earthquake Resistant Design Criteria For Reinforced Concrete Interior Beam-Column Joints,” Pacific Conference on Earthquake Engineering, New Zealand, V. 1, 1987, pp. 315-326.
8. Hakuto, S.; Park, R.; and Tanaka, H., “Effect of Deterioration of Bond of Beam Bars Passing through Interior Beam-Column Joints of Flexural Strength and Ductility,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 1999, pp. 858-864.
9. Brooke, N. J.; Megget, L. M.; and Ingham, J. M., “Bond Performance of Interior Beam-Column Joints with High-Strength Reinforcement,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 4, July-Aug. 2006, pp. 596-603.
10. NZS 3101:2006, “The Design of Concrete Structures,” Standards New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand, 2006, 698 pp.
11. BS EN 1998-1:2004, “Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance,” British Standards Institution, London, UK, 2004.
12. Lowes, L. N., and Altoontash, A., “Modeling Reinforced-Concrete Beam-Column Joints Subjected to Cyclic Loading,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 129, No. 12, 2003, pp. 1686-1697. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1686)
13. Elmorsi, M.; Kianoush, M. R.; and Tso, W. K., “Modeling Bond-Slip Deformation in Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joints,” Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 27, No. 3, 2000, pp. 490-505. doi: 10.1139/l99-085
14. Fleury, F.; Reynouard, J. M.; and Merabet, O., “Multi-Component Model of Reinforced Concrete Joints for Cyclic Loading,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 126, No. 8, 2000, pp. 804-811. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:8(804)
15. Altoontash, A., and Deierlein, G. D., “A Versatile Model for Beam-Column Joints,” ASCE Structures Congress, Seattle, WA, 2003.
16. Mitra, N., and Lowes, L. N., “Evaluation, Calibration, and Verification of A Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint Model,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 133, No. 1, 2007, pp. 105-120. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:1(105)
17. Uma, S. R., and Prasad, A. M., “Seismic Evaluation of R/C Moment Resisting Frame Structures Considering Joint Flexibility,” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Conference Proceedings, No. 2799, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2004.
18. El-Metwally, S. E., and Chen, W. F., “Moment-Rotation Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connections,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 85, No. 4, July-Aug. 1988, pp. 384-394.
19. Alath, S., and Kunnath, S. K., “Modeling Inelastic Shear Deformation in RC Beam-Column Joints,” Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Engineering Mechanics, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO, 1995, pp. 822-825.
20. Kunnath, S. K., “Macromodel-Based Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures,” Structural Engineering Worldwide, No. T101-5, Elsevier Science, Ltd., Oxford, England, 1998.
21. Ghobarah, A., and Biddah, A., “Dynamic Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Frames Including Joint Shear Deformation,” Engineering Structures, V. 21, No. 11, 1999, pp. 971-987. doi: 10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00052-2
22. Anderson, M.; Lehman, D.; and Stanton, J., “A Cyclic Shear Stress-Strain Model for Joints Without Transverse Reinforcement,” Engineering Structures, V. 30, No. 4, 2008, pp. 941-954. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.02.005
23. Birely, A. C.; Lowes, L. N.; and Lehman, D. E., “A Model for The Practical Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced-Concrete Frames Including Joint Flexibility,” Engineering Structures, V. 34, 2012, pp. 455-465. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.09.003
24. Magliulo, G., and Ramasco, R., “Seismic Response of Three-Dimensional R/C Multi-Storey Frame Building Under Uni- and Bi-Directional Input Ground Motion,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 36, No. 12, 2007, pp. 1641-1657. doi: 10.1002/eqe.709
25. Clough, R. W., “Effects of Stiffness Degradation on Earthquake Ductility Requirement,” Rep. No. 6614, Struct. and Mat. Res., University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 1966.
26. Otani, S., “Inelastic Analysis of R/C Frame Structures,” Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 100, No. 7, 1974, pp. 1433-1449.
27. Saatcioglu, M., “Modeling Hysteretic Force-Deformation Relationships for Reinforced Concrete Elements,” Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Structures Inelastic Response and Design, SP-127, S. K. Ghosh, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1991, pp. 153-198.
28. Takeda, T.; Sozen, M. A.; and Nielsen, N. N., “Reinforced Concrete Response to Simulated Earthquakes,” Journal of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 96, No. 12, 1970, pp. 2557-2573.
29. Song, J. K., and Pincheira, J. A., “Spectral Displacement Demands of Stiffness- and Strength-Degrading Systems,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 16, No. 4, 2000, pp. 817-851. doi: 10.1193/1.1586141
30. Sivaselvan, M. V., and Reinhorn, A. M., “Hysteretic Models for Deteriorating Inelastic Structures,” Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, V. 126, No. 6, 2000, pp. 633-640. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2000)126:6(633)
31. Eom, T.; Park, H.; and Kang, S., “Energy-Based Cyclic Force-Displacement Relationship for Reinforced Concrete Short Coupling Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 31, No. 9, 2009, pp. 2020-2031. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.03.008
32. Eom, T., and Park, H., “Evaluation of Energy Dissipation of Slender Reinforced Concrete Members and Its Applications,” Engineering Structures, V. 32, No. 9, 2010, pp. 2884-2893. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.007
33. Sucuoğlu, H., and Acun, B., “Energy-Based Hysteresis Model for Flexural Response of Reinforced Concrete Columns,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 4, July-Aug. 2012, pp. 541-549.
34. Sucuoğlu, H., and Erberik, A., “Energy-Based Hysteresis and Damage Models for Deteriorating Systems,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 33, No. 1, 2004, pp. 69-88. doi: 10.1002/eqe.338
35. Kwak, H., and Kim, S., “Nonlinear Analysis of RC Beam Subjected to Cyclic Loading,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 127, No. 12, 2001, pp. 1436-1444. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:12(1436)
36. Ibarra, L.; Medina, R.; and Krawinkler, H., “Hysteretic Models that Incorporate Strength and Stiffness Deterioration,” Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, V. 34, No. 12, 2005, pp. 1489-1511. doi: 10.1002/eqe.495
37. ASCE/SEI 41, “Seismic Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings,” American Society of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA, 2007.
38. Mazzoni, S.; McKenna, F.; Scott, M. H.; and Fenves, G. L., “OpenSees Command Language Manual,” University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 2006.
39. ACI Committee 374, “Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames Based on Structural Testing and Commentary (ACI 374.1-05),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2005, 9 pp.
40. Priestley, M. J. N., “Performance Based Seismic Design,” Proceedings, 12th WCEE, No. 2831, Auckland, New Zealand, 2000, pp. 1-22.
41. Park, H., and Eom, T., “A Simplified Method for Estimating the Amount of Energy Dissipated by Flexure-Dominated Reinforced Concrete Members for Moderate Cyclic Deformations,” Earthquake Spectra, V. 22, No. 2, 2006, pp. 459-490. doi: 10.1193/1.2197547
42. Eom, T., and Park, H., “Elongation of Reinforced Concrete Members Subjected to Cyclic Loading,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 136, No. 9, 2010, pp. 1044-1054. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000201
43. Eom, T., and Park, H., “Evaluation of Shear Deformation and Energy Dissipation of RC Members Subjected to Cyclic Loading,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 110, No. 5, Sept-Oct. 2013, pp. 845-854.
44. Paulay, T., and Priestley, M. J. N., Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1992, pp. 768.
45. Birely, A.; Lowes, L.; and Lehman, D., “A Practical Model for Beam-Column Connection Behavior in Reinforced Concrete Frames,” ATC & SEI Conference on Improving the Seismic Performance of Existing Buildings and Other Structures, San Francisco, CA, 2009, pp. 560-571.
46. Shin, M., and LaFave, J. M., “Modeling of Cyclic Joint Shear Deformation Contributions in RC Beam-Column Connections to Overall Frame Behavior,” Structural Engineering & Mechanics, V. 18, No. 5, 2004, pp. 645-669. doi: 10.12989/sem.2004.18.5.645
47. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., “The Modified Compression Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231.
48. Biddah, A., and Ghobarah, A., “Modeling of Shear Deformation and Bond Slip in Reinforced Concrete Joints,” Structural Engineering & Mechanics, V. 7, No. 4, 1999, pp. 413-432. doi: 10.12989/sem.1999.7.4.413
49. Kim, J., and LaFave, J. M., “Joint Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Connections Subjected to Seismic Lateral Loading,” Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory-NSEL Report Series, NSEL-020, 2009.
50. LaFave, J. M., and Kim, J., “Joint Shear Behavior Prediction for RC Beam-Column Connections,” International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, V. 5, No. 1, 2011, pp. 57-64. doi: 10.4334/IJCSM.2011.5.1.057
51. Fischinger, M.; Kramar, M.; and Isaković, T., “Cyclic Response of Slender RC Columns Typical of Precast Industrial Buildings,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, V. 6, No. 3, 2008, pp. 519-534. doi: 10.1007/s10518-008-9064-7
52. FEMA, 440, “Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures,” Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, DC, 2005.