Title:
Chemical Transformation of Rice Husk Ash Morphology
Author(s):
David Trejo and Lapyote Prasittisopin
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
112
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
385-392
Keywords:
alkali; chemical transformation; particle size; rice husk ash; silicate ions; solution
DOI:
10.14359/51686892
Date:
5/1/2015
Abstract:
Rice husk ash (RHA) has significant potential to be used as a supplementary cementing material (SCM). However, RHA contains a cellular, honeycomb-like morphology of amorphous silica and this morphology results in high water absorption. Due to this morphology, the use of RHA in concrete results in reduced workability and higher water demands. Reduced workability and higher water demands can be mitigated by using smaller RHA particles. These smaller particles can be obtained by mechanical grinding. However, this grinding requires significant energy. This paper presents a novel method to transform RHA morphology using a chemical transformation process; specifically, an alkali transformation method. Results indicate that the process can effectively reduce RHA particle size and eliminate the cellular and honeycomb-like morphology.
Related References:
Ahmed, A.; Clowes, R.; Willneff, E.; Ritchie, H.; Myers, P.; and Zhang, H., 2010, “Synthesis of Uniform Porous Silica Microspheres with Hydrophilic Polymer as Stabilizing Agent,” Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, V. 49, No. 2, pp. 602-608. doi: 10.1021/ie901213v
ASTM C289, 2007, “Standard Test Method for Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregates (Chemical Method),” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 7 pp.
Bapat, J. D., 2012, Rice Husk Ash, in Mineral Admixtures in Cement and Concrete, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 310 pp.
Bhagiyalakshmi, M.; Yun, L. J.; Anuradha, R.; and Jang, H. T., 2010, “Utilization of Rice Husk Ash as Silica Source for the Synthesis of Mesoporous Silicas and Their Application to CO2 Adsorption through TREN/TEPA Grafting,” Journal of Hazardous Materials, V. 175, No. 1-3, pp. 928-938. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.097
Bui, D. D., 2001, Rice Husk Ash as a Mineral Admixture for High Performance Concrete, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 122 pp.
Bui, D. D.; Hu, J.; and Stroeven, P., 2005, “Particle Size Effect on the Strength of Rice Husk Ash Blended Gap-Graded Portland Cement Concrete,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 27, No. 3, pp. 357-366. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.05.002
Cordeiro, G.; Toledo Filho, R.; and Fairbairn, E. M. R., 2009, “Use of Ultrafine Rice Husk Ash with High-Carbon Content as Pozzolan in High Performance Concrete,” Materials and Structures, V. 42, No. 7, pp. 983-992. doi: 10.1617/s11527-008-9437-z
Cordeiro, G. C.; Toledo Filho, R. D.; Tavares, L. M.; Fairbairn, E. M. R.; and Hempel, S., 2011, “Influence of Particle Size and Specific Surface Area on the Pozzolanic Activity of Residual Rice Husk Ash,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 33, No. 5, pp. 529-534. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.02.005
Da Costa, H. M.; Visconte, L. L. Y.; Nunes, R. C. R.; and Furtado, C. R. G., 2000, “The Effect of Coupling Agent and Chemical Treatment on Rice Husk Ash-Filled Natural Rubber Composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, V. 76, No. 7, pp. 1019-1027. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(20000516)76:73.0.CO;2-#
Della, V. P.; Kuhn, I.; and Hotza, D., 2002, “Rice Husk Ash as an Alternate Source for Active Silica Production,” Materials Letters, V. 57, No. 4, pp. 818-821. doi: 10.1016/S0167-577X(02)00879-0
Double, D. D.; Hewlett, P. C.; Sing, K. S. W.; and Raffle, J. F., 1983, “New Developments in Understanding the Chemistry of Cement Hydration,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, V. 310, No. 1511, pp. 53-66. doi: 10.1098/rsta.1983.0065
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, “FAO Statistical Databases,” http://faostat3.fao.org/. (last accessed Oct. 10, 2014)
Elouear, Z.; Bouzid, J.; Boujelben, N.; Feki, M.; and Montiel, A., “The Use of Exhausted Olive Cake Ash (EOCA) as a Low Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions,” Fuel, V. 87, No. 12, pp. 2582-2589. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2008.01.019
Giaccio, G.; de Sensale, G. R.; and Zerbino, R., 2007, “Failure Mechanism of Normal and High-Strength Concrete with Rice-Husk Ash,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 29, No. 7, pp. 566-574. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.04.005
Habeeb, G. A., and Mahmud, H. B., 2010, “Study on Properties of Rice Husk Ash and Its Use as Cement Replacement Material,” Materials Research, V. 13, No. 2, pp. 185-190. doi: 10.1590/S1516-14392010000200011
Halim, S. C., 2008, “Application of Reactive and Partly Soluble Nanomaterials,” PhD dissertation, ETH Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland, 93 pp.
Hanafi, S.; Abo-El-Enein, S. A.; Ibrahim, D. M.; and El-Hemaly, S. A., 1980, “Surface Properties of Silicas Produced by Thermal Treatment of Rice-Husk Ash,” Thermochimica Acta, V. 37, No. 2, pp. 137-143. doi: 10.1016/0040-6031(80)80034-7
He, J.; Jie, Y.; Zhang, J.; Yu, Y.; and Zhang, G., 2013, “Synthesis and Characterization of Red Mud and Rice Husk Ash-Based Geopolymer Composites,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 37, pp. 108-118. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2012.11.010
Kalapathy, U.; Proctor, A.; and Shultz, J., 2000a, “Silica Xerogels from Rice Hull Ash: Structure, Density and Mechanical Strength as Affected by Gelation pH and Silica Concentration,” Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology (Oxford, Oxfordshire), V. 75, No. 6, pp. 464-468. doi: 10.1002/1097-4660(200006)75:63.0.CO;2-C
Kalapathy, U.; Proctor, A.; and Shultz, J., 2000b, “A Simple Method for Production of Pure Silica from Rice Hull Ash,” Bioresource Technology, V. 73, No. 3, pp. 257-262. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00127-3
Kalapathy, U.; Proctor, A.; and Shultz, J., 2002, “An Improved Method for Production of Silica from Rice Hull Ash,” Bioresource Technology, V. 85, No. 3, pp. 285-289. doi: 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00116-5
Kamath, S. R., and Proctor, A., 1998, “Silica Gel from Rice Hull Ash: Preparation and Characterization,” Cereal Chemistry, V. 75, No. 4, pp. 484-487. doi: 10.1094/CCHEM.1998.75.4.484
Lothenbach, B., and Winnefeld, F., 2006, “Thermodynamic Modelling of the Hydration of Portland Cement,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 36, No. 2, pp. 209-226. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.03.001
Maskara, A., and Smith, D. M., 1997, “Agglomeration During the Drying of Fine Silica Powders, Part Ii: The Role of Particle Solubility,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, V. 80, No. 7, pp. 1715-1722. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1997.tb03044.x
Mehta, P. K., 1995, “Rice Husk Ash—A Unique Supplementary Cementing Material,” Advances in Concrete Technology: Proceedings of the 2nd CANMET/ACI International Symposium, SP-154, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 531-542.
Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M., 2006, Concrete: Structure, Properties, and Materials, third edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 659 pp.
Meyer, C., 2009, “The Greening of the Concrete Industry,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 31, No. 8, pp. 601-605. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.010
Nair, D. G.; Fraaij, A.; Klaassen, A. A. K.; and Kentgens, A. P. M., 2008, “A Structural Investigation Relating to the Pozzolanic Activity of Rice Husk Ashes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 6, pp. 861-869. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.10.004
Nakane, K.; Yamashita, T.; Iwakura, K.; and Suzuki, F., 1999, “Properties and Structure of Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Silica Composites,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, V. 74, No. 1, pp. 133-138. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19991003)74:13.0.CO;2-N
Payá, J.; Monzó, J.; Borrachero, M. V.; Mellado, A.; and Ordoñez, L. M., 2001, “Determination of Amorphous Silica in Rice Husk Ash by a Rapid Analytical Method,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 2, pp. 227-231. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00466-X
Pratson, L. F.; Haerer, D.; and Patiño-Echeverri, D., 2013, “Fuel Prices, Emission Standards, and Generation Costs for Coal vs Natural Gas Power Plants,” Environmental Science & Technology, V. 47, No. 9, pp. 4926-4933. doi: 10.1021/es4001642
Reinschmidt, K., and Trejo, D., 2006, “Economic Value of Building Faster,” Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, ASCE, V. 132, No. 7, pp. 759-766. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9364(2006)132:7(759)
Rodrigues, F. A., 2003, “Low-Temperature Synthesis of Cements from Rice Hull Ash,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 10, pp. 1525-1529. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(03)00104-2
Rodríguez de Sensale, G., 2010, “Effect of Rice-Husk Ash on Durability of Cementitious Materials,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 32, No. 9, pp. 718-725. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.07.008
Rothstein, D.; Thomas, J. J.; Christensen, B. J.; and Jennings, H. M., 2002, “Solubility Behavior of Ca-, S-, Al-, and Si-Bearing Solid Phases in Portland Cement Pore Solutions as a Function of Hydration Time,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 32, No. 10, pp. 1663-1671. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00855-4
Sasaki, S., Method for Preventing Agglomeration of Colloidal Silica and Silicon Wafter Polishing Composition Using the Same, in U.S. Patent, Yokkaichi, Editor, 1993, Monsanto Japan, Ltd., 5 pp.
Sata, V.; Tangpagasit, J.; Jaturapitakkul, C.; and Chindaprasirt, P., 2012, “Effect of W/B Ratios on Pozzolanic Reaction of Biomass Ashes in Portland Cement Matrix,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 34, No. 1, pp. 94-100. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2011.09.003
Sugita, S.; Shoya, M.; and Tokuda, H., 1992, “Evaluation of Pozzolanic Activity of Rice Husk Ash,” Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag & Natural Pozzolans in Concrete: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference, SP-132, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 495-512.
Taylor, H. F. W., 1997, Cement Chemistry, second edition, Thomas Telford Publishing, London, UK, 459 pp.
Thomas, J. J.; Jennings, H. M.; and Allen, A. J., 1999, “The Surface Area of Hardened Cement Paste as Measured by Various Techniques,” Concrete Science and Engineering, V. 1, No. 1, pp. 45-64.
Tiwari, D.; Singh, D.; and Saksena, D., 1995, “Hg(II) Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions Using Rice-Husk Ash,” Journal of Environmental Engineering, ASCE, V. 121, No. 6, pp. 479-481. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(1995)121:6(479)
van Tuan, N., 2011, “Rice Husk Ash as a Mineral Admixture for Ultra High Performance Concrete,” PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands, 183 pp.
van Tuan, N.; Ye, G.; van Breugel, K.; and Copuroglu, O., 2011, “Hydration and Microstructure of Ultra High Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 41, No. 11, pp. 1104-1111. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2011.06.009
Wang, L.; Seals, R. K.; and Roy, A., 2001, “Investigation of Utilization of Amorphous Silica Residues as Supplementary Cementing Materials,” Advances in Cement Research, V. 13, No. 2, pp. 85-89. doi: 10.1680/adcr.2001.13.2.85
Yu, Q.; Sawayama, K.; Sugita, S.; Shoya, M.; and Isojima, Y., 1999, “The Reaction between Rice Husk Ash and Ca(OH)2 Solution and the Nature of Its Product,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 1, pp. 37-43. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00172-0
Zhang, M. H.; Lastra, R.; and Malhotra, V. M., 1996, “Rice-Husk Ash Paste and Concrete: Some Aspects of Hydration and the Microstructure of the Interfacial Zone between the Aggregate and Paste,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 26, No. 6, pp. 963-977. doi: 10.1016/0008-8846(96)00061-0
Zhang, M. H., and Malhotra, V. M., 1996, “High-Performance Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash as a Supplementary Cementing Material,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 93, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 629-636.