Developed Approach for Shear Modeling of Embedded Through-Section Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

International Concrete Abstracts Portal

The International Concrete Abstracts Portal is an ACI led collaboration with leading technical organizations from within the international concrete industry and offers the most comprehensive collection of published concrete abstracts.

  


Title: Developed Approach for Shear Modeling of Embedded Through-Section Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams

Author(s): Linh Van Hong Bui, Hidehiko Sekiya, and Boonchai Stitmannaithum

Publication: Structural Journal

Volume: 122

Issue: 4

Appears on pages(s): 155-172

Keywords: analytical model; embedded through-section (ETS); fiberreinforced polymer (FRP); flexural-shear deformation theory (FSDT); reinforced concrete beams; shear strengthening

DOI: 10.14359/51746674

Date: 7/1/2025

Abstract:
There is a need to model the complete responses of shear-critical beams strengthened with embedded through-section (ETS) fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Here, a strategy is proposed to integrate two separate approaches, flexural-shear deformation theory (FSDT) for element fields and a bonding-based method for ETS strengthening, into a comprehensive computation algorithm through localized behavior at the main diagonal crack. The use of force- and stress-based solutions in the algorithm that couple fixed and updated shear crack angle conditions for analyzing the shear resistance of ETS bars is investigated. The primary benefit of the proposed approach compared to single FSDT or existing models is that member performance is estimated in both the pre-peak and post-peak loading regimes in terms of load, deflection, strain, and cracking characteristics. All equations in the developed model are transparent, based on mechanics, and supported by validated empirical expressions. The rationale and precision of the proposed model are comprehensively verified based on the results obtained for 46 data sets. Extensive investigation on the different bond-slip and concrete tension laws strengthens the insightfulness and effectiveness of the model.

Related References:

1. Cao, Q.; Wang, X.; Wu, Z.; Gao, R.; and Jiang, X., “Flexural Behavior of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Partially Bonded Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Anchorage Methods,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 121, No. 1, Jan. 2024, pp. 61-74. doi: 10.14359/51739185

2. Kim, Y. J., and Ammar, W., “Cementitious Resins for Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams with Near-Surface-Mounted Carbon Fiber- Reinforced Polymer,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 120, No. 4, July 2023, pp. 137-149. doi: 10.14359/51738720

3. Ali, H. M. Y.; Sheikh, M. N.; and Hadi, M. N. S., “Near-Surface Mounting-Strengthened Reinforced Concrete Beams Incorporating Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Channels,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 120, No. 3, May 2023, pp. 321-357. doi: 10.14359/51738503

4. CSA S806-12R, “Design and Construction of Building Structures with Fibre-Reinforced Polymers,” Canadian Standards Association, Mississauga, ON, Canada, 2017.

5. Zheng, A.; Wang, S.; Lu, Y.; and Li, S., “Flexural Fatigue Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened with FGREM Composites,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 119, No. 6, Nov. 2022, pp. 205-219. doi: 10.14359/51736112

6. ACI Committee, E702, “Designing Concrete Structures: Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Shear Strengthening (ACI E702.7-22),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2022.

7. Bergmann, S.; May, S.; Hegger, J.; and Curbach, M., “Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Using Carbon Reinforced Concrete,” Materials, Analysis, Structural Design and Applications of Textile Reinforced Concrete/Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix, SP-345, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2021, pp. 169-184. doi:

10.14359/51731579

8. Valerio, P.; Ibell, T. J.; and Darby, A. P., “Deep Embedment of FRP for Concrete Shear Strengthening,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Structures and Buildings, V. 162, No. 5, 2009, pp. 311-321. doi: 10.1680/stbu.2009.162.5.311

9. Chaallal, O.; Mofidi, A.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K., “Embedded Through-Section FRP Rod Method for Shear Strengthening of RC Beams: Performance and Comparison with Existing Techniques,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 15, No. 3, 2011, pp. 374-383. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000174

10. Mofidi, A.; Chaallal, O.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K. W., “Experimental Tests and Design Model for RC Beams Strengthened in Shear Using the Embedded Through-Section FRP Method,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 16, No. 5, 2012, pp. 540-550. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000292

11. Breveglieri, M.; Aprile, A.; and Barros, J. A. O., “Shear Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened Using Embedded Through Section Steel Bars,” Engineering Structures, V. 81, 2014, pp. 76-87. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.026

12. Breveglieri, M.; Aprile, A.; and Barros, J. A. O., “Embedded Through Section Shear Strengthening Technique Using Steel and CFRP Bars in RC Beams of Different Percentage of Existing Stirrups,” Composite Structures, V. 126, 2015, pp. 101-113. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.02.025

13. Breveglieri, M.; Aprile, A.; and Barros, J. A. O., “RC Beams Strengthened in Shear Using the Embedded Through-Section Technique: Experimental Results and Analytical Formulation,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 89, 2016, pp. 266-281. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2015.11.023

14. Dirar, S., and Theofanous, M., “Large-Scale Reinforced Concrete T-Beams Strengthened in Shear with Embedded GFRP Bars,” Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Advanced Composites in Construction (ACIC 2017), Sheffield, UK, Sept. 5-7, 2017, pp. 114-119.

15. Caro, M., “Shear Strengthening of Concrete Beams with Embedded FRP Bars,” PhD thesis, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, 2018.

16. Bui, L. V. H.; Stitmannaithum, B.; and Ueda, B., “Experimental Investigation of Concrete Beams Strengthened with Embedded Through-Section Steel and FRP Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 24, No. 5, 2020, p. 04020052. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001055

17. Bui, L. V. H.; Klippathum, C.; Prasertsri, T.; Jongvivatsakul, P.; and Stitmannaithum, B., “Experimental and Analytical Study on Shear Performance of Embedded Through-Section GFRP-Strengthened RC Beams,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 26, No. 5, 2022, p. 04022046. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001235

18. Sogut, K.; Dirar, S.; Theofanous, M.; Faramarzi, A.; and Nayak, A. N., “Effect of Transverse and Longitudinal Reinforcement Ratios on the Behaviour of RC T-Beams Shear-Strengthened with Embedded FRP Bars,” Composite Structures, V. 262, 2021, p. 113622. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.113622

19. Bui, L. V. H., and Sekiya, H., “Consistency of Bond‒Slip Models for Analyzing ETS-FRP Bar‒Concrete Bond Interface and Shear Contribution of ETS-FRP Strengthening System,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 28, No. 4, 2024. doi: 10.1061/JCCOF2.CCENG-4472

20. Petracca, M.; Camata, G.; Carloni, C.; Napoli, A.; Realfonzo, R.; and Casadei, P., “Numerical Analysis of RC Beams Strengthened with SRG,” Composites with Inorganic Matrix for Repair of Concrete and Masonry Structures, SP-324, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2018, pp. 6.1-6.12. doi: 10.14359/51702358

21. Oudah, F., and El-Hacha, R., “Non-Linear Finite Element Modeling of RC Beams Strengthened Using Prestressed NSM CFRP Rods Subjected to Cyclic Loading,” Modeling of FRP Strengthening Techniques in Concrete Infrastructure, SP-301, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2015, pp. 1-18. doi: 10.14359/51687995

22. Bui, L. V. H.; Stitmannaithum, B.; and Ueda, T., “Simulation of Concrete Beams Strengthened by Embedded Through-Section Steel and GFRP Bars with Newly Developed Bond Model,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 18, No. 7, 2020, pp. 364-385. doi: 10.3151/jact.18.364

23. Bui, L. V. H.; Klippathum, C.; Kongmalai, N.; Jongvivatsakul, P.; Ngo, T. D.; and Stitmannaithum, B., “Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Embedded Through-Section GFRP-Strengthened RC Beams with a Developed Bonding-based Model,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics, V. 271, 2022, p. 108595. doi: 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2022.108595

24. Vecchio, F. J., and Collins, M. P., “The Modified Compression-Field Theory for Reinforced Concrete Elements Subjected to Shear,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 83, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1986, pp. 219-231. doi: 10.14359/10416

25. Mihaylov, B. I.; Liu, J.; and Garcia, C. C., “Modeling the Effect of FRP Sheets on the Behavior of Short Coupling Beams Exhibiting Diagonal Tension Failure,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 24, No. 5, 2020, p. 04020042. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001049

26. Spinella, N., “Modeling of Shear Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with FRP,” Composite Structures, V. 215, 2019, pp. 351-364. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.02.073

27. Bui, L. V. H., and Nguyen, T. T., “Flexural–Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) for Modeling of Mechanical Responses of RC Beams Strengthened in Shear with ETS-FRP Bars,” Engineering Structures, V. 295, 2023, p. 116830. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116830

28. Ismail, K. S.; Guadagnini, M.; and Pilakoutas, K., “Strut-and-Tie Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 144, No. 2, 2018, p. 04017216. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0001974

29. Chen, H.; Yi, W. J.; and Hwang, H. J., “Cracking Strut-And-Tie Model for Shear Strength Evaluation of Reinforced Concrete Deep Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 163, May 2018, pp. 396-408. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.02.077

30. Bui, L. V. H., and Stitmannaithum, B., “Prediction of Shear Contribution for the FRP Strengthening Systems in RC Beams: A Simple Bonding-Based Approach,” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 18, No. 10, 2020, pp. 600-617. doi: 10.3151/jact.18.600

31. Bui, L. V. H., and Nguyen, T. P., “Shear Strength Model of the Reinforced Concrete Beams with Embedded Through-Section Strengthening Bars,” Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering, V. 16, No. 7, 2022, pp. 843-857. doi: 10.1007/s11709-022-0834-0

32. Bianco, V.; Monti, G.; and Barros, J. A. O., “Design Formula to Evaluate the NSM FRP Strips Shear Strength Contribution to a RC Beam,” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 56, 2014, pp. 960-971. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.09.001

33. TR55, “Design Guidance for Strengthening Concrete Structures Using Fibre Composite Materials,” Technical Report. The Concrete Society, Sandhurst, UK, 2012.

34. Witchukreangkrai, E.; Mutsuyoshi, H.; Takagi, M.; and Silva, S. D., “Evaluation of Shear Crack Width in Partially Prestressed Concrete Members,” Proceedings of JCI, V. 28, No. 2, 2006, pp. 823-828.

35. Hordijk, D. A., “Tensile and Tensile Fatigue Behavior of Concrete, Experiments, Modeling and Analyses,” Heron, V. 37, No. 1, 1992.

36. CEB-FIP, “Model Code 2010—First Complete Draft,” Fédération Internationale du Béton, Lausanne, Switzerland, 2010.

37. Bae, B. I.; Lee, M. S.; Choi, C. S.; Jung, H. S.; and Choi, H. K., “Evaluation of the Ultimate Strength of the Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Applied Sciences, V. 11, No. 7, 2021, p. 2951. doi: 10.3390/app11072951

38. ACI Committee 440, “Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2-17),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2017, 112 pp.

39. Zaborac, J.; Athanasiou, A.; Salamone, S.; Bayrak, O.; and Hrynyk, T. D., “Crack-Based Shear Strength Assessment of Reinforced Concrete Members Using a Fixed-Crack Continuum Modeling Approach,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 146, No. 4, 2020, p. 04020024. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002564

40. Belarbi, H., and Hsu, T. C. C., “Constitutive Laws of Concrete in Tension and Reinforcing Bars Stiffened by Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 91, No. 4, July-Aug. 1994, pp. 465-474. doi: 10.14359/4154


ALSO AVAILABLE IN:

Electronic Structural Journal



  

Edit Module Settings to define Page Content Reviewer