Title:
Theoretical Analysis on Axial Load Ratio Limit of Slender Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Wall-Type Piers
Author(s):
Rui Hu and Zhi Fang
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
122
Issue:
2
Appears on pages(s):
59-70
Keywords:
axial load ratio (ALR); failure mechanism analysis; slender wall-type piers; structural bearing capacity; ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC)
DOI:
10.14359/51744394
Date:
3/1/2025
Abstract:
Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) is considered a material with high strength and good ductility. However, it was found in the experiments that the ductility of slender UHPC walls at high axial- load ratios (ALRs) was not as good as expected. The improvement on the ALR limit of the walls by using UHPC is limited. Thus, this study theoretically investigated the ALR limit of slender UHPC wall-type piers. Equivalent UHPC stress block and equivalent steel strip methods were used to calculate the bearing capacity of UHPC wall-type piers. The calculation results were in good agreement with the summarized experimental and numerical results. Based on the experimental observations and the proposed calculation method, the failure mechanism of the UHPC wall-type piers was theoretically analyzed. Equations for determining the ALR limit of UHPC wall-type piers and suggestions for designing UHPC wall-type piers were proposed. It was suggested that high-strength steel bars should be used with caution in T-section UHPC wall-type piers, especially when the reinforcement ratio is higher than 3%. This study provided references for the compilation of the Chinese Code, “Technical Specification for Ultra-High Performance Concrete Structures.”
Related References:
1. Aboukifa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2022, “Structural and Buckling Behavior of Full-Scale Slender UHPC Columns,” Engineering Structures, V. 255. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113928
2. ACI Committee 239, 2018, “Ultra-High-Performance Concrete: An Emerging Technology Report (ACI 239R-18),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 8 pp.
3. Arafa, A.; Farghaly, A. S.; and Benmokrane, B., 2018, “Prediction of Flexural and Shear Strength of Concrete Squat Walls Reinforced with GFRP Bars,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 22, No. 4, p. 06018001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000854
4. DBJ43/T325-2017, 2017, “Technical Specification for Reactive Powder Concrete Structures,” Hunan Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, Changsha, Hunan, China.
5. Ding, Y.; Zeng, B.; Zhou, Z.; and Wei, Y., 2023, “Seismic Behavior of Shear Walls Partially Strengthened with UHPC in Boundary Element,” Engineering Structures, V. 293. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116660
6. Fang, Z.; Tian, X.; and Peng, F., 2023, “Flexural Strength of Prestressed Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 279. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115612
7. fib, 2012, “Model Code 2010,” fib Bulletins 65 and 66, V. 1 and 2, Fédération Internationale du Béton, Lausanne, Switzerland.
8. GB 50909-2014, 2014, “Code for Seismic Design of Urban Rail Transit Structures,” Ministry of Housing and Urban–Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China.
9. GB 50010-2015, 2015, "Code for Design of Concrete Structures," Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing, China.
10. Hantouche, E. G.; Harajli, M.; Haddadin, F.; and Elsouri, A., 2015, “Seismic Strengthening of Bond-Critical Regions in Wall-Type Bridge Piers Using Active Confinement,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 20, No. 11, p. 04015002. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0000736
11. Hu, R.; Fang, Z.; Shi, C.; Benmokrane, B.; and Su, J., 2021, “A Review on Seismic Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Members,” Advances in Structural Engineering, V. 24, No. 5, pp. 1054-1069. doi: 10.1177/1369433220968451
12. Hu, R.; Fang, Z.; and Xu, B., 2022a, “Cyclic Behavior of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Shear Walls with Different Axial-Load Ratios,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 119, No. 2, Mar., pp. 233-246. doi: 10.14359/51734339
13. Hu, R.; Fang, Z.; Benmokrane, B.; and Xu, B., 2022b, “Experimental Behavior of UHPC Shear Walls with Hybrid Reinforcement of CFRP and Steel Bars under Lateral Cyclic Load,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 26, No. 2, p. 04022011. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0001203
14. Hu, R.; Fang, Z.; and Benmokrane, B., 2023, “Nonlinear Finite-Element Analysis for Predicting the Cyclic Behavior of UHPC Shear Walls Reinforced with FRP and Steel Bars,” Structures, V. 53, pp. 265-278. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2023.03.181
15. Hung, C. C.; Li, H.; and Chen, H. C., 2017, “High-Strength Steel Reinforced Squat UHPFRC Shear Walls: Cyclic Behavior and Design Implications,” Engineering Structures, V. 141, pp. 59-74. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.02.068
16. Krahl, P. A.; Carrazedo, R.; and El Debs, M. K., 2018, “Mechanical Damage Evolution in UHPFRC: Experimental and Numerical Investigation,” Engineering Structures, V. 170, pp. 63-77. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.05.064
17. Li, Y.; Ding, R.; and Nie, J. G., 2023a, “Experiment Study on Seismic Behavior of Squat UHPC Shear Walls Subjected to Tension-Shear Combined Cyclic Load,” Engineering Structures, V. 280, p. 115700. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115700
18. Li, Y.; Nie, J.; Ding, R.; and Fan, J., 2023b, “Seismic Performance of Squat UHPC Shear Walls Subjected to High-Compression Shear Combined Cyclic Load,” Engineering Structures, V. 276, p. 115369. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115369
19. Liu, Y.; Yang, J.; Xu, G.; Wei, H.; and Deng, E., 2023, “Performance of UHPC Bridge Piers Subjected to Heavy Vehicle Collisions and Probability Analysis of Damage Level,” Structures, V. 47, pp. 212-232. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.11.061
20. MCS-EPFL, 2016, “Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Cement Based Composites (UHPFRC): Construction Material, Dimensioning and Application,” Structural Maintenance and Safety Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland.
21. Mohamed, N.; Farghaly, A. S.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K. W., 2013, “Experimental Investigation of Concrete Shear Walls Reinforced with Glass Fiber-Reinforced Bars under Lateral Cyclic Loading,” Journal of Composites for Construction, ASCE, V. 18, No. 3, p. A4014001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000393
22. Mohamed, N.; Farghaly, A. S.; Benmokrane, B.; and Neale, K. W., 2014, “Drift Capacity Design of Shear Walls Reinforced with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bars,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 111, No. 6, Nov., pp. 1397-1406. doi: 10.14359/51687099
23. Shi, C.; Wu, Z.; Xiao, J.; Wang, D.; Huang, Z.; and Fang, Z., 2015, “A Review on Ultra High Performance Concrete: Part I. Raw Materials and Mixture Design,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 101, pp. 741-751. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.088
24. Singh, M.; Sheikh, A. H.; Mohamed Ali, M. S.; Visintin, P.; and Griffith, M. C., 2017, “Experimental and Numerical Study of the Flexural Behaviour of Ultra-High Performance Fibre Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 138, pp. 12-25. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.002
25. Sun, J.; Yi, W.; Chen, H.; Peng, F.; Zhou, Y.; and Zhang, W., 2023, “Dynamic Responses of RC Columns under Axial Load and Lateral Impact,” Journal of Structural Engineering, V. 149, No. 1, p. 04022210.doi: 10.1061/JSENDH.STENG-11612
26. Tian, X.; Fang, Z.; Zhou, T.; and Xiang, Y., 2023, “Behavior and Constitutive Model of Ultra-High-Performance Concrete under Monotonic and Cyclic Tensile Loading,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 389. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131634
27. Tong, X.; Fang, Z.; Luo, X.; and Gong, L., 2020, “Study on Shear Capacity of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Squat Shear Walls,” Case Studies in Construction Material, V. 12. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2019.e00314
28. Wang, D.; Shi, C.; Wu, Z.; Xiao, J.; Huang, Z.; and Fang, Z., 2015, “A Review on Ultra High Performance Concrete: Part II. Hydration, Microstructure and Properties,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 96, pp. 368-377. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.095
29. Wu, Z.; Shi, C.; He, W.; and Wang, D., 2017, “Static and Dynamic Compressive Properties of Ultra-High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with Hybrid Steel Fiber Reinforcements,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 79, pp. 148-157. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2017.02.010
30. Yan, J.; Chen, A.; and Wang, T., 2020, “Compressive Behaviours of Steel-UHPC-Steel Sandwich Composite Walls Using Novel EC Connectors,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, V. 173, p. 106244. doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2020.106244
31. Yang, C., and Okumus, P., 2021, “Seismically Resilient Hybrid Precast Concrete Piers with Ultrahigh-Performance Concrete,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 26, No. 6, p. 04021026. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001713
32. Zhao, J.; Ding, R.; Tao, M.; and Zhuang, L., 2022, “Experimental and Numerical Research of Ultrahigh Performance Concrete Layered Shell Element Based on a Two-Dimensional Fixed Crack Model,” Structures, V. 46, pp. 598-610. doi: 10.1016/j.istruc.2022.10.068
33. Zhu, Z.; Pathirage, M.; Wang, W.; Troemner, M.; and Cusatis, G., 2022, “Lattice Discrete Particle Modeling of Concrete under Cyclic Tension-Compression with Multi-Axial Confinement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 352. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128985
34. Zhu, Z.; Troemner, M.; Wang, W.; Cusatis, G.; and Zhou, Y., 2023, “Lattice Discrete Particle Modeling of the Cycling Behavior of Strain-Hardening Cementitious Composites with and without Fiber Reinforced Polymer Grid Reinforcement,” Composite Structures, V. 322. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117346