Title:
Mechanical Degradation of Ferritic Stainless-Steel (410L) Reinforcing Bar due to Corrosion
Author(s):
Ankit Kumar Jaiswal and Sangeeta Gadve
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
122
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
39-50
Keywords:
accelerated corrosion; corrosion; experimentation; mechanical properties; stainless-steel reinforcing bar; tensile test.
DOI:
10.14359/51744377
Date:
1/1/2025
Abstract:
Corrosion of carbon-steel reinforcement in marine environments is
a significant problem, prompting the use of materials with higher
corrosion resistance, such as stainless steel. Despite stainless steel’s
superior durability, especially in aggressive environments such as
marine structures, it remains vulnerable to localized pitting corrosion, which can be more detrimental than the corrosion observed in carbon steel. The scientific challenge addressed in this study is the lack of extensive research on the degradation of mechanical properties in corroded stainless-steel reinforcing bar. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on ferritic stainless-steel reinforcing bar (SS410L) and the detailed quantification of the relationship between corrosion-induced mass loss and mechanical strength deterioration. An experimental investigation was conducted to assess the impact of different corrosion levels (5, 10, and 20% mass loss) induced using an accelerated impressed-current technique. Tensile tests on both uncorroded and corroded samples provided insights into the reduction of yield load, ultimate load, and elongation. The results revealed that for mass loss percentages of 3.73%, 10.72%, and 23.76%, there was a corresponding reduction in yield load of 6.21%, 29.09%, and 46.56%; ultimate load reductions were 3.43%, 23.91%, and 42.69%; and elongation decreased by 19.45%, 31.28%, and 41.52%, respectively. This study also proposes regression models to predict mechanical property degradation and establishes a relationship between percentage mass loss and crosssectional area loss, highlighting the severe effect of pitting corrosion on mechanical properties based on experimental results.
Related References:
1. Valcarce, M. B., and Vázquez, M., “Carbon Steel Passivity Examined in Solutions with a Low Degree of Carbonation: The Effect of Chloride and Nitrite Ions,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, V. 115, No. 1, May 2009, pp. 313-321. doi: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.12.007
2. Wang, J.-H.; Cai, G.; and Wu, Q., “Basic Mechanical Behaviours and Deterioration Mechanism of RC Beams under Chloride-Sulphate Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 160, Jan. 2018, pp. 450-461. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.092
3. NSBA, “Corrosion Protection of Steel Bridges,” Steel Bridge Design Handbook, National Steel Bridge Alliance, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 2006.
4. Cramer, S. D.; Covino, B. S. Jr.; Bullard, S. J.; Holcomb, G. R.; Russell, J. H.; Nelson, F. J.; Laylor, H. M.; and Soltesz, S. M., “Corrosion Prevention and Remediation Strategies for Reinforced Concrete Coastal Bridges,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 24, No. 1, Feb. 2002, pp. 101-117. doi: 10.1016/S0958-9465(01)00031-2
5. Tang, F.; Chen, G.; Brow, R. K.; Volz, J. S.; and Koenigstein, M. L., “Corrosion Resistance and Mechanism of Steel Rebar Coated with Three Types of Enamel,” Corrosion Science, V. 59, June 2012, pp. 157-168. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2012.02.024
6. Al-Mehthel, M.; Al-Dulaijan, S.; Al-Idi, S. H.; Shameem, M.; Ali, M. R.; and Maslehuddin, M., “Performance of Generic and Proprietary Corrosion Inhibitors in Chloride-Contaminated Silica Fume Cement Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 23, No. 5, May 2009, pp. 1768-1774. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.10.010
7. Sheelavantar, P. G.; Pandit, P.; Prashanth, S.; Nishit, N.; and Jadhav, M., “Taguchi-Integrated Grey Relational Analysis for Multi-
Response Optimization of Mix Design for Alkali-Activated Concrete,” Materials Research Express, V. 11, No. 7, July 2024, Article No. 075505. doi: 10.1088/2053-1591/ad592c
8. Bhagwat, Y.; Nayak, G.; Pandit, P.; and Lakshmi, A., “Effect of Polypropylene Fibres on Strength and Durability Performance of M-Sand Self Compacting Concrete,” Cogent Engineering, V. 10, No. 1, 2023, Article No. 2233783. doi: 10.1080/23311916.2023.2233783
9. Hamsashree; Pandit, P.; Prashanth, S.; and Katpady, D. N., “Durability of Alkali-Activated Fly Ash-Slag Concrete-State of Art,” Innovative Infrastructure Solutions, V. 9, No. 6, June 2024, Article No. 222.
10. Wang, X.-H.; Chen, B.; Gao, Y.; Wang, J.; and Gao, L., “Influence of External Loading and Loading Type on Corrosion Behavior of RC Beams with Epoxy-Coated Reinforcements,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 93, Sept. 2015, pp. 746-765. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.05.101
11. Huerta, E. O., Corrosión y Degradación de Materiales, Editorial Síntesis SA, Madrid, Spain, 2001, 368 pp.
12. Castro, H.; Rodriguez, C.; Belzunce, F. J.; and Canteli, A. F., “Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour of Stainless-Steel Reinforcing Bars,” Journal of Materials Processing Technology, V. 143-144, Dec. 2003, pp. 134-137. doi: 10.1016/S0924-0136(03)00393-5
13. Calderon-Uriszar-Aldaca, I.; Briz, E.; Larrinaga, P.; and Garcia, H., “Bonding Strength of Stainless Steel Rebars in Concretes Exposed to Marine Environments,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 172, May 2018, pp. 125-133. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.156
14. Wu, X.; Ye, D.; Li, H.; and Yu, H., “Corrosion Characteristics of S23043 Duplex Stainless Steel Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 178, July 2018, pp. 135-143. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.008
15. Shinomiya, H.; Kato, Z.; Enari, K.; and Hashimoto, K., “Effects of Corrosion-Resistant Elements on the Corrosion Resistance of Amorphous Bulk Ni-Cr-Mo-Ta-Nb-4P Alloys in Concentrated Hydrochloric Acids,” ECS Transactions, V. 16, No. 32, 2009, pp. 9-18. doi: 10.1149/1.3091902
16. Lakshmi, A.; Pandit, P.; Kumar, A.; Bhagwat, Y.; Nayak, G.; and Shetty, A., “Study on Bond Behaviour of Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beam – Finite Element Analysis,” Cogent Engineering, V. 11, No. 1, 2024, Article No. 2340298. doi: 10.1080/23311916.2024.2340298
17. Pandit, P., “Experimental Study on Accelerated Corrosion Technique of OPC and PPC Beams in Coastal Environment,” Journal of Corrosion Science and Engineering, V. 22, 2019, 18 pp.
18. Papadopoulos, M. P.; Apostolopoulos, C. A.; Alexopoulos, N. D.; and Pantelakis, S. G., “Effect of Salt Spray Corrosion Exposure on the Mechanical Performance of Different Technical Class Reinforcing Steel Bars,” Materials & Design, V. 28, No. 8, 2007, pp. 2318-2328. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2006.07.017
19. Apostolopoulos, C. A.; Papadopoulos, M. P.; and Pantelakis, S. G., “Tensile Behavior of Corroded Reinforcing Steel Bars BSt 500S,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 20, No. 9, Nov. 2006, pp. 782-789. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.065
20. Cairns, J.; Plizzari, G. A.; Du, Y.; Law, D. W.; and Franzoni, C., “Mechanical Properties of Corrosion-Damaged Reinforcement,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 102, No. 4, July-Aug. 2005, pp. 256-264.
21. Apostolopoulos, C. A.; Demis, S.; and Papadakis, V. G., “Chloride-
Induced Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement – Mechanical Performance and Pit Depth Analysis,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 38, Jan. 2013, pp. 139-146. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.087
22. Palsson, R., and Mirza, M. S., “Mechanical Response of Corroded Steel Reinforcement of Abandoned Concrete Bridge,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 2002, pp. 157-162.
23. Wang, X.-G.; Zhang, W.-P.; Gu, X.-L.; and Dai, H.-C., “Determination of Residual Cross-Sectional Areas of Corroded Bars in Reinforced Concrete Structures Using Easy-to-Measure Variables,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 38, Jan. 2013, pp. 846-853. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.09.060
24. Tang, F.; Lin, Z.; Chen, G.; and Yi, W., “Three-Dimensional Corrosion Pit Measurement and Statistical Mechanical Degradation Analysis of Deformed Steel Bars Subjected to Accelerated Corrosion,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 70, Nov. 2014, pp. 104-117. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.001
25. Kashani, M. M.; Crewe, A. J.; and Alexander, N. A., “Use of a 3D Optical Measurement Technique for Stochastic Corrosion Pattern Analysis of Reinforcing Bars Subjected to Accelerated Corrosion,” Corrosion Science, V. 73, Aug. 2013, pp. 208-221. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2013.03.037
26. Andisheh, K.; Scott, A.; Palermo, A.; and Clucas, D., “Influence of Chloride Corrosion on the Effective Mechanical Properties of Steel Reinforcement,” Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, V. 15, No. 8, 2019, pp. 1036-1048. doi: 10.1080/15732479.2019.1594313
27. Moreno, E.; Cobo, A.; Palomo, G.; and Nieves González, M., “Mathematical Models to Predict the Mechanical Behavior of Reinforcements Depending on Their Degree of Corrosion and the Diameter of the Rebars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 61, June 2014, pp. 156-163. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.03.003
28. Lee, H.-S., and Cho, Y.-S., “Evaluation of the Mechanical Properties of Steel Reinforcement Embedded in Concrete Specimen as a Function of the Degree of Reinforcement Corrosion,” International Journal of Fracture, V. 157, No. 1-2, May 2009, pp. 81-88. doi: 10.1007/s10704-009-9334-7
29. Sheng, J., and Xia, J., “Effect of Simulated Pitting Corrosion on the Tensile Properties of Steel,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 131, Jan. 2017, pp. 90-100. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.11.037
30. Zhang, W.; Song, X.; Gu, X.; and Li, S., “Tensile and Fatigue Behavior of Corroded Rebars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 34, Sept. 2012, pp. 409-417. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.02.071
31. François, R.; Khan, I.; and Dang, V. H., “Impact of Corrosion on Mechanical Properties of Steel Embedded in 27-Year-Old Corroded Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Materials and Structures, V. 46, No. 6, June 2013, pp. 899-910. doi: 10.1617/s11527-012-9941-z
32. Austin, S. A.; Lyons, R.; and Ing, M. J., “Electrochemical Behavior of Steel-Reinforced Concrete During Accelerated Corrosion Testing,” CORROSION, V. 60, No. 2, Feb. 2004, pp. 203-212. doi: 10.5006/1.3287722
33. El Maaddawy, T. A., and Soudki, K. A., “Effectiveness of Impressed Current Technique to Simulate Corrosion of Steel Reinforcement in Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 15, No. 1, Feb. 2003, pp. 41-47. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:1(41)
34. Haris, N., and Gadve, S., “Mechanical Properties of Reinforcing Steel Bars Corroded at Different Levels,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 118, No. 4, July 2021, pp. 109-120.
35. Jaiswal, A. K., and Gadve, S. S., “Residual Bond Strength of Highly Corroded Reinforced Concrete,” CORROSION, V. 79, No. 11, Nov. 2023, pp. 1324-1335. doi: 10.5006/4333
36. Lakshmi, A.; Pandit, P.; Nayak, G.; Bhagwat, Y.; and Kumar, S., “Influence of Corrosion-Based Section Loss on Morphology and Tensile Capacity of Pre-stressing Strands,” Journal of Structural Integrity and Maintenance, V. 9, No. 1, 2024, Article No. 2302655. doi: 10.1080/24705314.2024.2302655
37. ASTM G1-90(1999)e1, “Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion Test Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1999, 8 pp.
38. Ou, Y.-C.; Susanto, Y. T. T.; and Roh, H., “Tensile Behavior of Naturally and Artificially Corroded Steel Bars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 103, Jan. 2016, pp. 93-104. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.10.075
39. Papadopoulos, M. P.; Apostolopoulos, C. A.; Zervaki, A. D.; and Haidemenopoulos, G. N., “Corrosion of Exposed Rebars, Associated Mechanical Degradation and Correlation with Accelerated Corrosion Tests,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 8, Aug. 2011, pp. 3367-3374. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.03.027
40. Du, Y. G.; Clark, L. A.; and Chan, A. H. C., “Residual Capacity of Corroded Reinforcing Bars,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 3, Apr. 2005, pp. 135-147. doi: 10.1680/macr.2005.57.3.135
41. Medina, E.; Medina, J. M.; Cobo, A.; and Bastidas, D. M., “Evaluation of Mechanical and Structural Behavior of Austenitic and Duplex Stainless Steel Reinforcements,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 78, Mar. 2015, pp. 1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.008
42. Rabi, M.; Cashell, K. A.; and Shamass, R., “Flexural Analysis and Design of Stainless Steel Reinforced Concrete Beams,” Engineering Structures, V. 198, Nov. 2019, Article No. 109432. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109432
43. Cerit, M.; Genel, K.; and Eksi, S., “Numerical Investigation on Stress Concentration of Corrosion Pit,” Engineering Failure Analysis, V. 16, No. 7, Oct. 2009, pp. 2467-2472. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2009.04.004
44. Imperatore, S.; Rinaldi, Z.; and Drago, C., “Degradation Relationships for the Mechanical Properties of Corroded Steel Rebars,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 148, Sept. 2017, pp. 219-230. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.04.209
45. Du, Y. G.; Clark, L. A.; and Chan, A. H. C., “Effect of Corrosion on Ductility of Reinforcing Bars,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 57, No. 7, Sept. 2005, pp. 407-419. doi: 10.1680/macr.2005.57.7.407