Title:
Design and Detailing Guidelines for Axially Loaded Ultra- High-Performance Concrete Columns
Author(s):
Milana Cimesa and Mohamed A. Moustafa
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
122
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
153-168
Keywords:
axial columns; circular columns; confinement effect; lateral reinforcement ratio (ρt); reinforcement configuration; spacing-to-longitudinal reinforcing bar diameter ratio (s/db); square and rectangular columns; strength reduction factor; structural-scale
DOI:
10.14359/51742143
Date:
1/1/2025
Abstract:
With a well-thought-out packing theory for sand, fine aggregates,
cement, a water-cement ratio lower than 0.2, and steel fibers,
ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) achieves remarkable
mechanical properties. Despite UHPC’s superior mechanical
properties compared to conventional concrete, its use remains
limited, especially in structural applications, due to factors such as
high cost, lack of design standards and guidelines, and inadequate
correlation between material properties and structural behavior.
By compiling and synthesizing the behavior of 70 structural- or
full-scale axial UHPC columns, this research provides a new set
of generalized design and detailing guidelines for axial UHPC
columns. The study first uses the assembled database to assess and
revisit the current ACI 318 axial strength design factors for applicability for UHPC. Next, the behavior trends are carefully analyzed to provide detailed recommendations for proper transverse reinforcement (ρt volume), spacing-to-longitudinal reinforcing bar
diameter ratio (s/db, where s represents the centerline-to-centerline
spacing between transverse reinforcement), and UHPC steel fiber
ratio for best use of confinement.
Related References:
Aboukifa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2021, “Experimental Seismic Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Columns with High Strength Steel Reinforcement,” Engineering Structures, V. 232, Article No. 111885. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.111885
Aboukifa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2022a, “Reinforcement Detailing Effects on Axial Behavior of Full-Scale UHPC Columns,” Journal of Building Engineering, V. 49, Article No. 104064. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2022.104064
Aboukifa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2022b, “Structural and Buckling Behavior of Full-Scale Slender UHPC Columns,” Engineering Structures, V. 255, Article No. 113928. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.113928
Aboukifa, M.; Moustafa, M. A.; and Itani, A., 2020, “Comparative Structural Response of UHPC and Normal Strength Concrete Columns under Combined Axial and Lateral Cyclic Loading,” Structural Performance of Concrete Columns Incorporating Advanced Materials and Structural Systems, SP-341, M. A. ElGawady, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 71-96.
ACI Committee 318, 2014, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-14) and Commentary (ACI 318R-14),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 520 pp.
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 624 pp.
Bajaber, M. A., and Hakeem, I. Y., 2021, “UHPC Evolution,
Development, and Utilization in Construction: A Review,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, V. 10, pp. 1058-1074. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.12.051
Chen, S.; Zhang, R.; Jia, L.-J.; Wang, J.-Y.; and Gu, P., 2018, “Structural Behavior of UHPC Filled Steel Tube Columns under Axial Loading,” Thin-Walled Structures, V. 130, pp. 550-563. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2018.06.016
Cimesa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2022, “Experimental Characterization and Analytical Assessment of Compressive Behavior of Carbon Nanofibers Enhanced UHPC,” Case Studies in Construction Materials, V. 17, Article No. e01487. doi: 10.1016/j.cscm.2022.e01487
Cimesa, M., and Moustafa, M. A., 2024, “UHPC Modulus of Elasticity: Assessment and New Developments Using Companion Materials and Structural Data,” Engineering Structures, V. 310, Article No. 118146. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118146
Cimesa, M.; Romero, A. J.; and Moustafa, M. A., 2023, “Axial Behavior and Transverse Reinforcement Requirements of UHPC Columns with Emerging Mixtures: Assessment of Existing ACI Provisions and New Developments,” Final Report submitted to ACI Foundation Concrete Research Council, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, 73 pp.
CSA A23.3-14, 2014, “Design of Concrete Structures,” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada, 297 pp.
Du, J.; Meng, W.; Khayat, K. H.; Bao, Y.; Guo, P.; Lyu, Z.; Abu-Obeidah, A.; Nassif, H.; and Wang, H., 2021, “New Development of Ultra-High-
Performance Concrete (UHPC),” Composites Part B: Engineering, V. 224, Article No. 109220. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109220
Empelmann, M.; Teutsch, M.; and Steven, G., 2008, “Expanding the Application Range of RC-Columns by the Use of UHPC,” Tailor Made Concrete Structures: New Solutions for Our Society, J. C. Walraven and D. Stoelhorst, eds., CRC Press, London, UK, pp. 461-468.
Graybeal, B., 2014, “Design and Construction of Field-Cast UHPC Connections,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-14-084, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 36 pp.
Graybeal, B.; Brühwiler, E.; Kim, B.-S.; Toutlemonde, F.; Voo, Y. L.; and Zaghi, A., 2020, “International Perspective on UHPC in Bridge Engineering,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 25, No. 11, p. 04020094. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001630
Haber, Z. B.; De la Varga, I.; Graybeal, B. A.; Nakashoji, B.; and El-Helou, R., 2018, “Properties and Behavior of UHPC-Class Materials,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-18-036, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 170 pp.
Hoang, A. L., and Fehling, E., 2017, “A Review and Analysis of Circular UHPC Filled Steel Tube Columns under Axial Loading,” Structural Engineering and Mechanics, V. 62, No. 4, pp. 417-430. doi: 10.12989/sem.2017.62.4.417
Hosinieh, M. M.; Aoude, H.; Cook, W. D.; and Mitchell, D., 2015, “Behavior of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Columns under Pure Axial Loading,” Engineering Structures, V. 99, pp. 388-401. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2015.05.009
Hung, C.-C., and Yen, C.-H., 2021, “Compressive Behavior and Strength Model of Reinforced UHPC Short Columns,” Journal of Building Engineering, V. 35, Article No. 102103. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.102103
Hung, C.-C.; El-Tawil, S.; and Chao, S.-H., 2021, “A Review of
Developments and Challenges for UHPC in Structural Engineering: Behavior, Analysis, and Design,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 147, No. 9, p. 03121001. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0003073
Kadhim, M. M. A.; Semendary, A. A.; Hammed, M.; and Cunningham, L. S., 2022, “Numerical Investigation of Hybrid UHPC Columns Subject to Lateral Impact,” Journal of Building Engineering, V. 47, Article No. 103914. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103914
Kang, S. T.; Lee, B. Y.; Kim, J.-K.; and Kim, Y. Y., 2011, “The Effect of Fibre Distribution Characteristics on the Flexural Strength of Steel Fibre-
Reinforced Ultra High Strength Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 25, No. 5, pp. 2450-2457. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.057
Kasaei, J., and Esmaeili, J., 2016, “Effect of Different Curing Regimes on Strength and Transport Properties of UHPC Containing Recycled Steel Tire Wires as Micro Steel Fibers,” Proceedings of the First International Interactive Symposium on Ultra-High Performance Concrete, Des Moines, IA, 8 pp.
Kusumawardaningsih, Y.; Fehling, E.; and Ismail, M., 2015, “UHPC Compressive Strength Test Specimens: Cylinder or Cube?” Procedia Engineering, V. 125, pp. 1076-1080. doi: 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.11.165
Li, P.; Xu, L.; Abbas, M. A. A. M.; and Ren, Z., 2023, “Material Synergy and Parameter Optimization of Axially-Loaded Circular UHPC-Filled Steel Tubes,” Journal of Constructional Steel Research, V. 202, Article No. 107772. doi: 10.1016/j.jcsr.2022.107772
Meng, W.; Khayat, K. H.; and Bao, Y., 2018, “Flexural Behaviors of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Fabric Reinforced Ultra-High-Performance Concrete Panels,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 93, pp. 43-53. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.012
Mirza, S. A., and Lacroix, E. A., 2004, “Comparative Strength Analyses
of Concrete-Encased Steel Composite Columns,” Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, V. 130, No. 12, pp. 1941-1953. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2004)130:12(1941)
Naeimi, N., and Moustafa, M. A., 2021, “Compressive Behavior and Stress–Strain Relationships of Confined and Unconfined UHPC,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 272, Article No. 121844. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121844
Richart, F. E.; Brandtzæg, A.; and Brown, R. L., 1929, “The Failure of Plain and Spirally Reinforced Concrete in Compression,” Bulletin No. 190, University of Illinois Engineering Experiment Station, Urbana, IL, 82 pp.
Russell, H. G., and Graybeal, B. A., 2013, “Ultra-High Performance Concrete: A State-of-the-Art Report for the Bridge Community,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-13-060, Office of Infrastructure Research and Development, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 176 pp.
Shin, H.-O.; Min, K.-H.; and Mitchell, D., 2017, “Confinement of Ultra-High-Performance Fiber Reinforced Concrete Columns,” Composite Structures, V. 176, pp. 124-142. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.05.022
Shin, H.-O.; Min, K.-H.; and Mitchell, D., 2018, “Uniaxial Behavior of Circular Ultra-High-Performance Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Columns Confined by Spiral Reinforcement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 168, pp. 379-393. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.073
Sugano, S.; Kimura, H.; and Shirai, K., 2007, “Study of New RC Structures Using Ultra-High-Strength Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UFC),” Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, V. 5, No. 2, pp. 133-147. doi: 10.3151/jact.5.133
Teng, L.; Huang, H.; Du, J.; and Khayat, K. H., 2021, “Prediction of Fiber Orientation and Flexural Performance of UHPC Based on Suspending Mortar Rheology and Casting Method,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 122, Article No. 104142. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104142
Wei, J.; Li, J.; and Wu, C., 2019, “An Experimental and Numerical Study of Reinforced Conventional Concrete and Ultra-High Performance Concrete Columns under Lateral Impact Loads,” Engineering Structures, V. 201, Article No. 109822. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.109822
Yoo, D.-Y.; Oh, T.; and Banthia, N., 2022, “Nanomaterials in Ultra-High-Performance Concrete (UHPC) – A Review,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 134, Article No. 104730. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2022.104730