Title:
Multi-Approaches to Improve Internally Cured Concrete for Rigid Pavement Application (Open Source)
Author(s):
Sangyoung Han, Thanachart Subgranon, Hung-Wen Chung, Kukjoo Kim, and Mang Tia
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
121
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
29-42
Keywords:
critical stress analysis; full-scale test slabs; internally cured concrete (ICC); optimized aggregate gradation (OAG); polymeric microfibers (PMFs); shrinkage-reducing admixture (SRA)
DOI:
10.14359/51740564
Date:
5/1/2024
Abstract:
A comprehensive laboratory testing program, field-testing program,
numerical analysis, and life-cycle cost analysis were conducted to
evaluate the beneficial effects of incorporating shrinkage-reducing
admixture (SRA), polymeric microfibers (PMFs), and optimized
aggregate gradation (OAG) into internally cured concrete (ICC)
mixtures for rigid pavement applications. Results from the laboratory
program indicate that all the ICC mixtures outperformed
the standard concrete (SC) mixture. All the ICC mixtures showed
a decrease in drying shrinkage compared to the SC mixture. Based
on the laboratory program, three ICC mixtures and one SC mixture
were selected for the full-scale test and subjected to a heavy vehicle
simulator for accelerated fatigue testing. Extensive testing and
analysis have shown that ICC mixtures incorporating SRA, PMFs,
and OAG can be beneficially used in pavement applications to
achieve increased pavement life.
Related References:
1. Russell, H. G.; Miller, R. A.; Ozyildirim, H. C.; and Tadros, M. K., “Compilation and Evaluation of Results from High-Performance Concrete Bridge Projects, Volume I: Final Report,” Report No. FHWA HRT-05-056, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 2006, 180 pp.
2. Castro, J.; Spragg, R.; and Weiss, J., “Water Absorption and Electrical Conductivity for Internally Cured Mortars with a W/C between 0.30 and 0.45,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 24, No. 2, Feb. 2012, pp. 223-231.
3. Shattaf, N. R.; Alshamsi, A. M.; and Swamy, R. N., “Curing/
Environment Effect on Pore Structure of Blended Cement Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 13, No. 5, Oct. 2001, pp. 380-388. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2001)13:5(380)
4. Bentz, D. P., “Influence of Curing Conditions on Water Loss and Hydration in Cement Pastes with and without Fly Ash Substitution,” NISTIR Report No. 6886, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2002, 21 pp.
5. Sant, G.; Lura, P.; and Weiss, J., “Measurement of Volume Change in Cementitious Materials at Early Ages: Review of Testing Protocols and Interpretation of Results,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1979, No. 1, Jan. 2006, pp. 21-29. doi: 10.1177/0361198106197900104
6. RILEM Technical Committee 196-ICC, “Internal Curing of Concrete: State-of-the-Art Report,” K. Kovler and O. M. Jensen, eds., RILEM Publications SARL, Bagneux, France, 2007, 141 pp.
7. ACI Committee 231, “Report on Early-Age Cracking: Causes, Measurement, and Mitigation (ACI 231R-10) (Reapproved 2020),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2010, 46 pp.
8. Weiss, J., “Internal Curing for Concrete Pavements,” Tech Brief No. FHWA-HIF-16-006, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 2016, 7 pp.
9. Jensen, O. M., and Hansen, P. F., “Autogenous Deformation and RH-Change in Perspective,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 12, Dec. 2001, pp. 1859-1865. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00501-4
10. Cusson, D., and Hoogeveen, T., “Internal Curing of High-Performance
Concrete with Pre-soaked Fine Lightweight Aggregate for Prevention of Autogenous Shrinkage Cracking,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 38, No. 6, June 2008, pp. 757-765. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.02.001
11. Radlinska, A.; Rajabipour, F.; Bucher, B.; Henkensiefken, R.; Sant, G.; and Weiss, J., “Shrinkage Mitigation Strategies in Cementitious Systems: A Closer Look at Differences in Sealed and Unsealed Behavior,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2070, No. 1, Jan. 2008, pp. 59-67. doi: 10.3141/2070-08
12. Lopez, M.; Kahn, L. F.; and Kurtis, K. E., “Characterization of Elastic and Time-Dependent Deformations in High Performance Lightweight Concrete by Image Analysis,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 39, No. 7, July 2009, pp. 610-619. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.03.015
13. Kim, H. K.; Jeon, J. H.; and Lee, H. K., “Workability, and Mechanical, Acoustic and Thermal Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete with a High Volume of Entrained Air,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 29, Apr. 2012, pp. 193-200. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.08.067
14. Bentz, D. P., and Weiss, W. J., “Internal Curing: A 2010 State-of-the-Art Review,” NISTIR Report No. 7765, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2011, 94 pp.
15. Byard, B. E.; Schindler, A. K.; Barnes, R. W.; and Rao, A., “Cracking Tendency of Bridge Deck Concrete,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2164, No. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 122-131. doi: 10.3141/2164-16
16. Jones, W. A., and Weiss, W. J., “Freezing and Thawing Behavior of Internally Cured Concrete,” Advances in Civil Engineering Materials, V. 4, No. 1, 2015, pp. 144-155. doi: 10.1520/ACEM20140044
17. Wei, Y., and Hansen, W., “Characterization of Moisture Transport and Its Effect on Deformations in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 2240, No. 1, Jan. 2011, pp. 9-15. doi: 10.3141/2240-02
18. Amirkhanian, A. N., and Roesler, J. R., “Unrestrained Curling in Concrete with Fine Lightweight Aggregates,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 29, No. 9, Sept. 2017, p. 04017092. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001941
19. Johnson, A. M.; Smith, B. C.; Johnson, W. H.; and Gibson, L. W., “Evaluating the Effect of Slab Curling on IRI for South Carolina Concrete Pavements,” Report No. FHWA-SC-10-04, South Carolina Department of Transportation, Columbia, SC, 2010, 30 pp.
20. Beckemeyer, C.; Khazanovich, L.; and Yu, H. T., “Determining Amount of Built-in Curling in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement: Case Study of Pennsylvania 1-80,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1809, No. 1, Jan. 2002, pp. 85-92. doi: 10.3141/1809-10
21. Lange, D. A., and Shin, H.-C., “Early Age Stresses and Debonding in Bonded Concrete Overlays,” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, V. 1778, No. 1, Jan. 2001, pp. 174-181.
22. Rao, C., and Darter, M. I., “Evaluation of Internally Cured Concrete for Paving Applications,” Applied Research Associates, Inc., Champaign, IL, Sept. 2013, 121 pp.
23. Nmai, C. K.; Tomita, R.; Hondo, F.; and Buffenbarger, J., “Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures,” Concrete International, V. 20, No. 4, Apr. 1998, pp. 31-37.
24. Weiss, J., and Berke, N. S., “Admixtures for Reducing Shrinkage and Cracking,” Early Age Cracking in Cementitious Systems: Report of RILEM Technical Committee TC 181-EAS: Early Age Shrinkage Induced Stresses and Cracking in Cementitious Systems, A. Bentur, ed., RILEM Publications SARL, Bagneux, France, 2002, pp. 323-336.
25. Gettu, R.; Roncero, J.; and Martin, M. A., “Study of the Behavior of Concrete with Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures Subjected to Long-Term Drying,” Concrete: Material Science to Application – A Tribute to Surendra P. Shah, SP-206, P. Balaguru, A. Naaman, and W. Weiss, eds., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2002, pp. 157-166 pp.
26. Bentz, D. P.; Geiker, M. R.; and Hansen, K. K., “Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures and Early-Age Desiccation in Cement Pastes and Mortars,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 31, No. 7, July 2001, pp. 1075-1085. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00519-1
27. Weiss, J.; Lura, P.; Rajabipour, F.; and Sant, G., “Performance of Shrinkage-Reducing Admixtures at Different Humidities and at Early Ages,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 105, No. 5, Sept.-Oct. 2008, pp. 478-486.
28. Lawler, J. S.; Zampini, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Microfiber and Macrofiber Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 17, No. 5, Oct. 2005, pp. 595-604. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2005)17:5(595)
29. Passuello, A.; Moriconi, G.; and Shah, S. P., “Cracking Behavior of Concrete with Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures and PVA Fibers,” Cement and Concrete Composites, V. 31, No. 10, Nov. 2009, pp. 699-704. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2009.08.004
30. Plagué, T.; Desmettre, C.; and Charron, J.-P., “Influence of Fiber Type and Fiber Orientation on Cracking and Permeability of Reinforced Concrete under Tensile Loading,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 94, Apr. 2017, pp. 59-70. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconres.2017.01.004
31. Löfgren, I., “Fibre-Reinforced Concrete for Industrial Construction -
A Fracture Mechanics Approach to Material Testing and Structural Analysis,” PhD thesis, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2005, 162 pp.
32. Roesler, J.; Bordelon, A.; Brand, A. S.; and Amirkhanian, A., “Fiber-Reinforced Concrete for Pavement Overlays: Technical Overview,” InTrans Project Report No. 15-532, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, Apr. 2019, 100 pp.
33. Biddle, D., “Fiber-Reinforced Concrete - Pavements,” FORTA Corporation, Grove City, PA, Mar. 2020, 39 pp.
34. Lawler, J. S.; Wilhelm, T.; Zampini, D.; and Shah, S. P., “Fracture Processes of Hybrid Fiber-Reinforced Mortar,” Materials and Structures, V. 36, No. 3, Apr. 2003, pp. 197-208.
35. Nobili, A.; Lanzoni, L.; and Tarantino, A. M., “Experimental Investigation and Monitoring of a Polypropylene-Based Fiber Reinforced Concrete Road Pavement,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 47, Oct. 2013, pp. 888-895. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.077
36. Mehta, P. K., and Monteiro, P. J. M., Concrete: Microstructure, Properties, and Materials, fourth edition, McGraw-Hill Education, New York, 2013.
37. Lindquist, W.; Darwin, D.; Browning, J.; McLeod, H. A. K.; Yuan, J.; and Reynolds, D., “Implementation of Concrete Aggregate Optimization,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 74, Jan. 2015, pp. 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.027
38. Kwan, A. K. H., and Ling, S. K., “Lowering Paste Volume of SCC through Aggregate Proportioning to Reduce Carbon Footprint,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 93, Sept. 2015, pp. 584-594. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.06.034
39. Cook, M. D.; Ley, M. T.; and Ghaeezadah, A., “Effects of Aggregate Concepts on the Workability of Slip-Formed Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 28, No. 10, Oct. 2016, p. 04016097. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001608
40. MDT, “Concrete Aggregate Combined Gradation Example,” Montana Department of Transportation, Helena, MT, 2016, 6 pp.
41. FDOT, “Standard Specifications for Road and Bridge Construction: FY 2023-24,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, 2023, 1299 pp.
42. AASHTO PP 84-17, “Standard Practice for Developing Performance Engineered Concrete Pavement Mixtures,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 2017.
43. Smith, K. D., and Roesler, J. R., “Review of Fatigue Models for Concrete Airfield Pavement Design,” Airfield Pavements: Challenges and New Technologies: Proceedings of the 2003 Airfield Pavement Specialty Conference, Las Vegas, NV, Sept. 2003, pp. 231-258.
44. Tia, M.; Wu, C. L.; Ruth, B. E.; Bloomquist, D.; and Choubane, B., “Field Evaluation of Rigid Pavements for the Development of a Rigid Pavement Design System—Phase IV,” University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 1989.
45. Wells, S. A.; Phillips, B. M.; and Vandenbossche, J. M., “Quantifying Built-in Construction Gradients and Early-Age Slab Deformation Caused by Environmental Loads in a Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement,” International Journal of Pavement Engineering, V. 7, No. 4, 2006, pp. 275-289. doi: 10.1080/10298430600798929
46. Mehta, P. K., “Durability of Concrete—Fifty Years of Progress?” Durability of Concrete: Second International Conference, Montreal, Canada 1991, SP-126, V. M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1991, pp. 1-32.
47. Paul, Á., and Lopez, M., “Assessing Lightweight Aggregate Efficiency for Maximizing Internal Curing Performance,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 108, No. 4, July-Aug. 2011, pp. 385-393.
48. ACI Committee 544, “Report on Fiber Reinforced Concrete (ACI 544.1R-96) (Reapproved 2009),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1996, 66 pp.
49. Von Quintus, H. L., and Simpson, A. L., “Back-Calculation of Layer Parameters for LTPP Test Sections, Volume II: Layered Elastic Analysis for Flexible and Rigid Pavements,” Report No. FHWA-RD-01-113, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, 2002, 146 pp.
50. Darter, M.; Khazanovich, L.; Snyder, M.; Rao, S.; and Hallin, J., “Development and Calibration of a Mechanistic Design Procedure for Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements,” Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Concrete Pavements: The Use of Concrete in Developing Long-Lasting Pavement Solutions for the 21st Century, Orlando, FL, Sept. 2001, pp. 113-131.
51. Packard, R. G., and Tayabji, S. D., “New PCA Thickness Design Procedure for Concrete Highway and Street Pavements,” Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design and Rehabilitation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, Apr. 1985, pp. 225-236.
52. AASHTO, “AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement Structures 1993,” American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC, 1993, 624 pp.
53. Mindess, S.; Young, J. F.; and Darwin, D., Concrete, second edition, Prentice Hall PTR, Hoboken, NJ, 2002, 644 pp.
54. FDOT, “Florida Department of Transportation Traffic Information,” Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/trafficdata/default.shtm. (last accessed Apr. 4, 2024)