Title:
Minimizing the Risk for Portland-Limestone Cement Concrete Slabs
Author(s):
James Klinger, Joseph F. Neuber Jr., Jeffrey Ondo, and Bruce A. Suprenant
Publication:
Concrete International
Volume:
46
Issue:
1
Appears on pages(s):
33-43
Keywords:
bleeding, setting, saw cut, cracking
DOI:
10.14359/51740317
Date:
1/1/2024
Abstract:
Placing and finishing of concrete slabs with portland-limestone cement (Type IL cement) may create issues for some contractors, and bleeding rate is a major factor. The article discusses saw cutting, cold weather protection, post-tensioning, and form removal, as well as best practices and strategies to minimize risks during floor slab finishing and early-age, strength-critical construction with Type IL cement.
Related References:
1. Smartz, B.W.; Laker, T.S.; and Van Dam, T., “Performance and Sustainability,” Concrete International, V. 35, No. 9, Sept. 2013, pp. 39-43.
2. Tennis, P.D.; Thomas, M.D.A.; and Weiss, W.J., “State-of-the-Art Report on Use of Limestone in Cements at Levels of up to 15%,” SN3148, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2011, 78 pp.
3. Hossack, A.; Thomas, M.D.A.; Barcelo, L.; Blair, B.; and Delagrave, A., “Performance of Portland Limestone Cement Concrete Pavements,” Concrete International, V. 36, No. 1, Jan. 2014, pp. 40-45.
4. Thomas, M.D.A.; Hooton, R.D.; Cail, K.; Smith, B.A.; de Wal, J.; and Kazanis, K.G., “Field Trials of Concrete Produced with Portland Limestone Cement,” Concrete International, V. 32. No. 1, Jan. 2010, pp. 35- 41.
5. Poole, T.S., “Guide for Curing Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Volume I,” Report No. FHWA-RD-02-099, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, Jan. 2005, 49 pp.
6. ACI Committee 305, “Guide to Hot Weather Concreting (ACI 305R-20),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2020, 28 pp.
7. “Plastic Shrinkage Cracking in Concrete,” Engineering Information, National Ready-Mixed Concrete Association, Alexandria, VA, July 1960, 2 pp.
8. Thomas, M.D.A., and Hooton, R. D., “The Durability of Concrete Produced with Portland-Limestone Cement: Canadian Studies,” R&D SN3142, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, IL, 2010, 28 pp.
9. Irassar, E.F.; Bonavetti, V.L.; Menendez, G.; Donza, H.; and Cabera, O., “Mechanical Properties and Durability of Concrete Made with Portland Limestone Cement,” Third Canmet/ACI International Symposium: Sustainable Development and Concrete, SP-202, V.M. Malhotra, ed., American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hill, MI, 2001, pp. 431-450.
10. ASTM C403/C403M-23, “Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2023, 6 pp.
11. Bury, M.A.; Bury, J.R.; and Martin, D., “Testing Effects of New Admixtures on Concrete Finishing,” Concrete International, V. 16, No. 1, Jan. 1994, pp. 26-31.
12. Suprenant, B.A., and Malisch, W.R., “Diagnosing Slab Delaminations,” Concrete Construction, V. 43, No. 1, Jan. 1998, pp. 29-35.
13. Lee, C.H., and Hover, K.C., “What Do We Mean by “Setting?” Concrete International, V. 38, No. 8, Aug. 2016, pp. 53-59.
14. Dodson, V.H., “Chapter 11—Time of Setting,” Significance of Test and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials, STP 169C, P. Klieger and J.F. Larmond, eds., ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 1994, 623 pp.
15. ASTM C1753/C1753M-21a, “Standard Practice for Evaluating Early Hydration of Hydraulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Thermal Measurements,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, 19 pp.
16. Poole, T.S., “Curing Portland Cement Concrete Pavements, Volume II,” Report No. FHWA-HRT-05-038, Federal Highway Administration, McLean, VA, Aug. 2006, 170 pp.
17. AIA MasterSpec, Cast-in-Place Concrete (Section 033000), Deltek, Herndon, VA, 2021, 33 pp.
18. Cordon, W.A., and Thorpe, J.D., “Control of Rapid Drying of Fresh Concrete by Evaporation Control,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 62, No. 8, Aug. 1965, pp. 987-986.
19. ASTM C156, “Standard Test Method for Water Loss [from a Mortar Specimen] Through Liquid Membrane-Forming Curing Compounds for Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2020, 5 pp.
20. ASTM C232/C232M-21, “Standard Test Methods for Bleeding of Concrete,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2021, 3 pp.
21. ACI Committee 306, “Guide to Cold Weather Concreting (ACI 306R-16),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2016, 24 pp.
22. ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete and Commentary (ACI CODE-318-19) (Reapproved 2022),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2019, 624 pp.
23. ACI Committee 347, “Guide to Formwork for Concrete (ACI 347R-14) (Reapproved 2021),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 2021, 36 pp.
24. Okamoto, P. A.; Nussbaum, P.J.; Smith, K.D.; Darter, M.I.; Wilson, T.P.; Wu, C.L.; and Tayabji, S.D., “Guidelines for Timing Contraction Joint Sawing and Earliest Loading for Concrete Pavements, Volume I,” Report No. FHWA-RD-91-079, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, 1994, 227 pp.
25. “CPTP TechBrief: Early-Entry Sawing of Portland Cement Concrete Pavements,” FHWA-HIF-07-031, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, June 2007, 6 pp.
26. ASTM C1074-19, “Standard Practice for Estimating Concrete Strength by the Maturity Method,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, 11 pp.