Title:
Deterioration Behavior of Recycled Plastic Concrete Corroded by Ammonium Sulfate Solution
Author(s):
Haikuan Wu, Chao Zhao, Zhao Zhang, Shun Kang, and Changwu Liu
Publication:
Materials Journal
Volume:
120
Issue:
3
Appears on pages(s):
117-128
Keywords:
ammonium sulfate (AS) solution; compressive strength; deterioration mechanism; recycled plastic concrete (RPC)
DOI:
10.14359/51738687
Date:
5/1/2023
Abstract:
In rare-earth mining projects, ammonium sulfate (AS) solution
has a great impact on the concrete structure, which often causes serious damage to the structure. To improve the corrosion resistance of concrete in AS solution, recycled plastic was used to replace concrete fine aggregate. Compared with normal concrete (NC), the deterioration mechanism of recycled plastic concrete (RPC) against the corrosion of AS solution (3, 5, and 7%) was studied. Through the tests and analysis of apparent morphology, relative mass, ultrasonic wave velocity, and compressive strength—as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)—of corroded concrete, the test results indicate that many spots and corner damage occurred in the early and later stages of corroded concrete, respectively. The corrosion reaction of AS solution produced more ettringite and gypsum, resulting in serious damage.
The RPC was expansive under the corrosion of AS solution, and
the expansion degree was greater than that of NC. The compressive strength of RPC decreased gradually in AS solution. The corrosion deterioration mechanism of RPC was revealed by microstructure and phase analysis.
Related References:
1. Werner, K.-C.; Chen, Y.; and Odler, I., “Investigations on Stress Corrosion of Hardened Cement Pastes,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 30, No. 9, Sept. 2000, pp. 1443-1451. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00328-8
2. Mezidi, A.; Kettab, R. M.; Benzahar, H. H.; and Touhari, M., “Behavior of Modified Concrete Based on Crumb Rubber: Experimental Test and Numerical Investigation,” Advances in Concrete Construction, V. 12, No. 2, Aug. 2021, pp. 125-134.
3. Ma, Q.; Guo, R.; He, K.; Du, H.; Lin, Z.; Yan, F.; Zhao, Z.; and Bai, Y., “Performance of Modified Lightweight Aggregate Concrete after Exposure to High Temperatures,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 70, No. 24, Dec. 2018, pp. 1243-1255. doi: 10.1680/jmacr.18.00033
4. Kannan, V., and Ganesan, K., “Effect of Tricalcium Aluminate on Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Incorporating Rice Husk Ash and Metakaolin,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 28, No. 1, Jan. 2016, p. 04015063. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001330
5. Li, J.; Ji, Y.; Zhang, L.; and Liu, B., “Resistance to Sulfate Attack of Magnesium Phosphate Cement-Coated Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 195, Jan. 2019, pp. 156-164.
6. Kryvenko, P.; Guzii, S.; Kovalchuk, O. Y.; and Kyrychok, V., “Sulfate Resistance of Alkali Activated Cements,” Materials Science Forum, V. 865, Aug. 2016, pp. 95-106.
7. Hendi, A.; Behravan, A.; Mostofinejad, D.; Akhavan Kharazian, H.; and Sedaghatdoost, A., “Performance of Two Types of Concrete Containing Waste Silica Sources under MgSO4 Attack Evaluated by Durability Index,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 241, Apr. 2020, Article No. 118140. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118140
8. Wen, X.; Zhang, Z.; Cai, Y.; Feng, L.; and Qiu, T., “Impact and Improvement of Crushed Tuff Sand on Sulfate Resistance of Cement Concrete at Low Temperature,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 30, No. 10, Oct. 2018, p. 05018004. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002457
9. Landa-Ruiz, L.; Baltazar-Zamora, M. A.; Bosch, J.; Ress, J.; Santiago-Hurtado, G.; Moreno-Landeros, V. M.; Márquez-Montero, S.; Méndez, C. T.; Borunda, A.; Juárez-Alvarado, C. A.; Mendoza-Rangel, J. M.; and Bastidas, D. M., “Electrochemical Corrosion of Galvanized Steel in Binary Sustainable Concrete Made with Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash (SCBA) and Silica Fume (SF) Exposed to Sulfates,” Applied Sciences, V. 11, No. 5, Mar. 2021, Article No. 2133. doi: 10.3390/app11052133
10. Gopalakrishnan, R., and Chinnaraju, K., “Durability of Ambient Cured Alumina Silicate Concrete Based on Slag/Fly Ash Blends against Sulfate Environment,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 204, Apr. 2019, pp. 70-83. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.01.153
11. Słomka-Słupik, B.; Podwórny, J.; and Staszuk, M., “Corrosion of Cement Pastes Made of CEM I and CEM III/A Caused by a Saturated Water Solution of Ammonium Chloride after 4 and 25 Days of Aggressive Immersion,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 170, May 2018, pp. 279-289. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.073
12. Xu, P.; Jiang, L.; Guo, M.-Z.; Zha, J.; Chen, L.; Chen, C.; and Xu, N., “Influence of Sulfate Salt Type on Passive Film of Steel in Simulated Concrete Pore Solution,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 223, Oct. 2019, pp. 352-359.
13. Gu, L., and Ozbakkaloglu, T., “Use of Recycled Plastics in Concrete: A Critical Review,” Waste Management, V. 51, May 2016, pp. 19-42. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.03.005
14. Rebeiz, K. S.; Fowler, D. W.; and Paul, D. R., “Mechanical Properties of Polymer Concrete Systems Made with Recycled Plastic,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 91, No. 1, Jan.-Feb. 1994, pp. 40-45.
15. Wei, R., and Sakai, Y., “Experimental Investigation on Bending Strength of Compacted Plastic-Concrete,” Resources, Conservation and Recycling, V. 169, June 2021, Article No. 105521.
16. Li, D., and Kaewunruen, S., “Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Composite and Plastic Aggregates,” International Journal of GEOMATE, V. 17, No. 60, Aug. 2019, pp. 231-238. doi: 10.21660/2019.60.8114
17. Haghighatnejad, N.; Mousavi, S. Y.; Khaleghi, S. J.; Tabarsa, A.; and Yousefi, S., “Properties of Recycled PVC Aggregate Concrete under Different Curing Conditions,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 126, Nov. 2016, pp. 943-950. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.047
18. Islam, M. J.; Meherier, M. S.; and Islam, A. K. M. R., “Effects of Waste PET as Coarse Aggregate on the Fresh and Harden Properties of Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 125, Oct. 2016, pp. 946-951. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.08.128
19. Jacob-Vaillancourt, C., and Sorelli, L., “Characterization of Concrete Composites with Recycled Plastic Aggregates from Postconsumer Material Streams,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 182, Sept. 2018, pp. 561-572. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.083
20. Saxena, R.; Siddique, S.; Gupta, T.; Sharma, R. K.; and Chaudhary, S., “Impact Resistance and Energy Absorption Capacity of Concrete Containing Plastic Waste,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 176, July 2018, pp. 415-421. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.019
21. Záleská, M.; Pavlíková, M.; Pokorný, J.; Jankovský, O.; Pavlík, Z.; and Černý, R., “Structural, Mechanical and Hygrothermal Properties of Lightweight Concrete Based on the Application of Waste Plastics,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 180, Aug. 2018, pp. 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.250
22. Zéhil, G.-P., and Assaad, J. J., “Feasibility of Concrete Mixtures Containing Cross-Linked Polyethylene Waste Materials,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 226, Nov. 2019, pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.285
23. Hannawi, K., and Prince-Agbodjan, W., “Transfer Behaviour and Durability of Cementitious Mortars Containing Polycarbonate Plastic Wastes,” European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering, V. 19, No. 4, 2015, pp. 467-481. doi: 10.1080/19648189.2014.960100
24. Jomaa’h, M. M.; Abdulazez, H. A.; and Ahmad, S., “Evaluation of Structural Lightweight Concrete Produced Utilizing Crushed Medical Solid Waste Materials,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, V. 47, No. 4, 2019, pp. 2737-2749. doi: 10.1520/JTE20170053
25. Poonyakan, A.; Rachakornkij, M.; Wecharatana, M.; and Smittakorn, W., “Potential Use of Plastic Wastes for Low Thermal Conductivity Concrete,” Materials, V. 11, No. 10, Oct. 2018, Article No. 1938. doi: 10.3390/ma11101938
26. ASTM C150/C150M-19, “Standard Specification for Portland Cement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, 10 pp.
27. Al-Amoudi, O. S. B.; Rasheeduzzafar; Maslehuddin, M.; and Al-Mana, A. I., “Prediction of Long-Term Corrosion Resistance of Plain and Blended Cement Concretes,” ACI Materials Journal, V. 90, No. 6, Nov.-Dec. 1993, pp. 564-570.
28. Seguí Femenias, Y.; Angst, U.; and Elsener, B., “Monitoring pH in Corrosion Engineering by Means of Thermally Produced Iridium Oxide Electrodes,” Materials and Corrosion-Werkstoffe und Korrosion, V. 69, No. 1, Jan. 2018, pp. 76-88. doi: 10.1002/maco.201709715
29. Jin, M.; Jiang, L.; Tao, D.; and Bai, S., “Characterization of Ag/AgCl Electrode Manufactured by Immersion in Sodium Hypochloride Acid for Monitoring Chloride Content in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 122, Sept. 2016, pp. 310-319. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.163
30. Xiong, L.-X., and Song, X.-G., “Mechanical Properties of Cement Mortar after Dry–Wet Cycles and High Temperature,” Civil Engineering Journal-Tehran, V. 6, No. 5, 2020, pp. 1031-1038. doi: 10.28991/cej-2020-03091526
31. Zhang, J.; Gao, Y.; and Han, Y., “Interior Humidity of Concrete under Dry-Wet Cycles,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 24, No. 3, Mar. 2012, pp. 289-298. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000382
32. Wang, K.; Guo, J.; and Yang, L., “Effect of Dry–Wet Ratio on Sulfate Transport-Reaction Mechanism in Concrete,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 302, Oct. 2021, Article No. 124418. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.124418
33. Matsumura, T.; Shirai, K.; and Saegusa, T., “Verification Method for Durability of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Salt Attack under High Temperature Conditions,” Nuclear Engineering and Design, V. 238, No. 5, May 2008, pp. 1181-1188. doi: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2007.03.032
34. Hussain, R., and Ishida, T., “Novel Approach Towards Calculation of Averaged Activation Energy Based on Arrhenius Plot for Predicting the Effect of Temperature on Chloride Induced Corrosion of Steel in Concrete,” Journal of ASTM International, V. 7, No. 5, 2010, 8 pp.
35. Abdalla, H., “Concrete Cover Requirements for FRP Reinforced Members in Hot Climates,” Composite Structures, V. 73, No. 1, May 2006, pp. 61-69. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.01.033
36. Hao, T., Study on Sulfate Transmission-Degradation Mechanism of Concrete under Long-Term Soaking, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China, 2015.
37. Amin, M., and Bassuoni, M. T., “Performance of Concrete with Blended Binders in Ammonium-Sulphate Solution,” Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials, V. 7, No. 1, 2018, pp. 15-37.
38. Bassuoni, M. T., and Nehdi, M. L., “Resistance of Self-Consolidating Concrete to Ammonium Sulphate Attack,” Materials and Structures, V. 45, No. 7, July 2012, pp. 977-994. doi: 10.1617/s11527-011-9811-0
39. Martins, M. C.; Langaro, E. A.; Macioski, G.; and Medeiros, M. H. F., “External Ammonium Sulfate Attack in Concrete: Analysis of the Current Methodology,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 277, Mar. 2021, Article No. 122252. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122252
40. Aköz, F.; Türker, F.; Koral, S.; and Yüzer, N., “Effects of Raised Temperature of Sulfate Solutions on the Sulfate Resistance of Mortars with and without Silica Fume,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 29, No. 4, Apr. 1999, pp. 537-544. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00251-8
41. Jauberthie, R., and Rendell, F., “Physicochemical Study of the Alteration Surface of Concrete Exposed to Ammonium Salts,” Cement and Concrete Research, V. 33, No. 1, Jan. 2003, pp. 85-91. doi: 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00929-8
42. Wang, X.; Pan, Z.; Shen, X.; and Liu, W., “Stability and Decomposition Mechanism of Ettringite in Presence of Ammonium Sulfate Solution,” Construction and Building Materials, V. 124, Oct. 2016, pp. 786-793.