Title:
Shear Capacity of Cold Joints with Conventional and High-Strength Reinforcement
Author(s):
Paolo M. Calvi, Stephan Ahn, and Dawn Lehman
Publication:
Structural Journal
Volume:
119
Issue:
5
Appears on pages(s):
241-256
Keywords:
DOI:
10.14359/51734667
Date:
9/1/2022
Abstract:
An experimental program involving 24 reinforced concrete (RC) pushoff specimens was conducted to investigate shear stress transfer across untreated and intentionally roughened cold joints. The variables were the number of bars crossing the joint interface, the reinforcement ratio, the yield strength of the reinforcing steel, and the joint surface roughness. During each experiment, shear and normal stresses across the main crack and joint interface opening and sliding were continuously monitored.
The experimental results demonstrate that roughening the joint interface enhances the joint stiffness and peak strength, while the use of Grade 80 steel reinforcement did not result in any strength benefit, although the use of higher-strength steel can improve constructability.
The test results were compared with predictions obtained using ACI and AASHTO provisions. Comparison of the measurements and predictions show that both ACI and AASHTO provide generally conservative, yet scattered, estimates of the experimental strengths. Thus, based on the findings of this study, a number of modifications to the current shear friction provisions were proposed to achieve higher strength prediction accuracy.
Related References:
AASHTO, 2007, AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, fourth edition, SI units, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
ACI Committee 318, 1971, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-71),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 1971.
ACI Committee 318, 2019, “Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-19) and Commentary (ACI 318R-19),” American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, 623 pp.
Ahn, S., 2020, “Impact of Retarder-Induced Roughness on Shear Friction Capacity using Conventional and High-Strength Reinforcement,” master’s thesis, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, June.
ASTM A706/A706M-16, 2016, “Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Low-Alloy Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
ASTM C39/C39M-16, 2016, “Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens,” ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016.
Barbosa, A. R.; Trejo, D.; and Nielson, D., 2017, “Effect of High-Strength Reinforcement Steel on Shear Friction Behavior,” Journal of Bridge Engineering, ASCE, V. 22, No. 8, p. 04017038. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)BE.1943-5592.0001015
Birkeland, P. W., and Birkeland, H. W., 1966, “Connections in Precast Concrete Construction,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 63, No. 3, Mar., pp. 345-368.
Calvi, P. M.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., 2017, “Pure Mechanics Crack Model for Shear Stress Transfer in Cracked Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 114, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 545-554. doi: 10.14359/51689460
Calvi, P. M.; Bentz, E. C.; and Collins, M. P., 2018, “Model for Assessment of Cracked Reinforced Concrete Membrane Elements Subjected To Shear And Axial Loads,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 115, No. 2, Mar., pp. 501-509. doi: 10.14359/51701093
CEB, 1990, “Model Code for Concrete Structures,” Comité Euro-International du Béton, Lausanne, Switzerland.
CEN, 2004, “Design of Concrete Structures Part 1.1: General Rules and Rules for Buildings [with corrigendum of 16 January 2008],” Eurocode 2, Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels, Belgium.
Crane, C. K., 2010, “Shear and Shear Friction of Ultra-High Performance Concrete Bridge Girders,” PhD dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
CSA, 2014, “Design of Concrete Structures (CSA A23.3-04),” CSA Group, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Davaadorj, O.; Calvi, P. M.; and Stanton, J. F., 2020, “Shear Stress Transfer across Concrete-Concrete Interfaces: Experimental Evidence and Available Strength Models,” PCI Journal, V. 65, July-Aug., pp. 87-111. doi: 10.15554/pcij65.4-04
Frenay, J. W., 1985, “Shear Transfer across a Single Crack in Reinforced Concrete under Sustained Loading. Part I: Experiments,” Report 5-85-5, Stevin Laboratory, Concrete Structures. Delft University of Technology, Faculty Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft, the Netherlands, http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:6cd80da5-245b-4bd5-b21a-c48d37f57b6e. (last accessed June 29, 2022)
Harries, K. A.; Zeno, G.; and Shahrooz, B., 2012, “Toward an Improved Understanding of Shear-Friction Behavior,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 109, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 835-843.
Hofbeck, J. A.; Ibrahim, I. O.; and Mattock, A. H., 1969, “Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete,” ACI Journal Proceedings, V. 66, No. 2, Feb., pp. 119-128.
Hoff, G. C., 1993, “High Strength Lightweight Aggregate Concrete for Arctic Applications—Part 3: Structural Parameters,” Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Performance, SP-136, T. A. Holm and A. M. Vaysburd, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 175-246.
Kahn, L. F., and Mitchell, A. D., 2002, “Shear Friction Tests with High-Strength Concrete,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 99, No. 1, Jan.-Feb., pp. 98-103.
Maekawa, K.; Okamura, H.; and Pimanmas, A., 2003, Non-Linear Mechanics of Reinforced Concrete, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2003, 768 pp.
Mansur, M. A.; Vinayagam, T.; and Tan, K. H., 2008, “Shear Transfer across a Crack in Reinforced High-Strength Concrete,” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE, V. 20, No. 4, pp. 294-302. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2008)20:4(294)
Mattock, A. H., and Hawkins, N. M., 1972, “Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete—Recent Research,” PCI Journal, V. 17, No. 2, pp. 55-75. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03011972.55.75
Mattock, A. H.; Johal, L.; and Chow, H. C., 1975, “Shear Transfer in Reinforced Concrete with Moment or Tension Acting across the Shear Plane,” PCI Journal, V. 20, No. 4, pp. 76-93. doi: 10.15554/pcij.07011975.76.93
Mattock, A. H.; Li, W. K.; and Wang, T. C., 1976, “Shear Transfer in Lightweight Reinforced Concrete,” PCI Journal, V. 21, No. 1, pp. 20-39. doi: 10.15554/pcij.01011976.20.39
Nagle, T. J., and Kuchma, D. A., 2007, “Nontraditional Limitations on the Shear Capacity of Prestressed Concrete Girders,” Newmark Structural Engineering Laboratory Report No. 003, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL.
Nielsen, M. P., and Hoang, L. C., 2016, Limit Analysis and Concrete Plasticity, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 816 pp. doi: 10.1201/b10432
Palieraki, V.; Vintzileou, E.; and Zeris, C., 2012, “Behaviour of Interfaces in Repaired/Strengthened RC Elements Subjected to Cyclic Actions: Experiments and Modelling,” Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Life-Cycle Civil Engineering, Vienna, Austria, pp. 1239-1246.
PCI Industry Handbook Committee, 2010, PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete Institute, MNL-120, seventh edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL.
Rahal, K. N., and Al-Khaleefi, A. L., 2015, “Shear-Friction Behavior of Recycled and Natural Aggregate Concrete-An Experimental Investigation,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 112, No. 6, Nov.-Dec., pp. 725-733. doi: 10.14359/51687748
Randl, N., 2013, “Design Recommendations for Interface Shear Transfer in fib Model Code 2010,” doi: 10.1002/suco.201300003
Sagaseta, J., and Vollum, R. L., 2011, “Influence of Aggregate Fracture on Shear Transfer through Cracks in Reinforced Concrete,” Magazine of Concrete Research, V. 63, No. 2, pp. 119-137. doi: 10.1680/macr.9.00191
Scott, J., 2010, “Interface Shear Strength in Lightweight Concrete Bridge Girders,” MS thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
Shahrooz, B. M.; Miller, R. A.; Harries, K. A.; and Russell, H. G., 2011, “Design of Concrete Structures Using High-Strength Steel Reinforcement,” NCHRP Report 679, Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC.
Shaw, D., and Sneed, L. H., 2014, “Interface Shear Transfer of Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes Cast at Different Times,” PCI Journal, V. 59, No. 3, pp. 130-144. doi: 10.15554/pcij.06012014.130.144
Sneed, L. H.; Krc, K.; Wermager, S.; and Meinheit, D., 2016, “Interface Shear Transfer of Lightweight-Aggregate Concretes,” PCI Journal, V. 61, No. 2, pp. 38-55. doi: 10.15554/pcij.03012016.38.55
Valluvan, R.; Kreger, M. E.; and Jirsa, J. O., 1999, “Evaluation of ACI 318-95 Shear Friction Provisions,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 96, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 473-481.
Walraven, J., and Stroband, J., 1994, “Shear-Friction in High-Strength Concrete,” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, SP-42, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 311-330.
Walraven, J. C., and Reinhardt, H. W., 1981, “Theory and Experiments on the Mechanical Behavior of Cracks in Plain and Reinforced Concrete Subjected to Shear Loading,” HERON, V. 26, pp. 1-68.